The Wilson-Cleary ICF Model

The World Health Organization’s quality of life survey allowed me to explore the meaning of well-being in my life. From physical health and psychological health to social relationships and environmental health, many aspects of well-being were assessed and examined. I learned that well-being in not just ones physical well-being but an accumulation of physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health.

This multidimensional model (Figure 1, below) explains how a person's health and wellbeing result from a complex interplay between the influences listed above and other health determinants.

The article by Carper et al. (2014) discusses a research study, with the aim to establish domains of quality of life (QOL) that are significant for adults with diabetes and depressive symptoms and to determine the association of depression severity and diabetes distress which are relevant to domains of QOL. The author’s used a cross-sectional study design, and

The variables underneath this concept include perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers to action, perceived self-efficacy and activity-related affect. Perceived benefits of action help the provider determine the client’s expectations of the consequences of undertaking a health behavior (Pender et al, 2002). Perceived barriers may consist of perceptions concerning the unavailability, inconvenience, expense, difficulty, or time consuming nature of a particular action when undertaking healthy behavior (Pender et al, 2006). Perceived self-efficacy can play a major role in how one approaches goals, tasks and challenges. The provider can evaluate the client’s belief in their ability to achieve in specific situations or accomplish a task. Being talented and capability of performing skills in a specific area encourages client participation. It also builds self-confidence in performing the health promoting behavior successfully (Pender et al., 2002). Activity-related affect is a variable that assesses the client’s subjective feelings that occur prior to, during and after a specific health behavior. Health promoting behaviors associated with a positive subjective affect will likely be repeated, whereas behaviors associated with a negative subjective affect will likely be avoided (Pender et al.,

3) A t-value of -1.99, which was the calculated statistic for the Health Functioning measure in this study and corresponds to a study-bound p-value of 0.049, does not indicate a significant difference in these populations. Though the p-value is slightly lower than the study-wide alpha value of 0.05, the division of this value amongst the 15 measures according to the Bonerroni principle that works to reduce Type I errors means each test-specific alpha value is 0.0033. 0.049 > 0.0033, therefore the difference for this

In searching for understanding in nursing, the dissection of a poorly defined concept often results in subsequent reflection and action toward comprehension (Bousso, Poles, & De Almeida Lopes Monteiro Da Cruz, 2014). Greater nursing knowledge is gained through the clarification of ambiguous concepts by exhaustive examination of particularly clinically relevant phenomenon. This knowledge can then be later extrapolated to develop new theories or simply be reformulated to refine concepts (Bousso et al., 2014). In analyzing quality of life (QOL), this writing attempts to reveal a more solidified and practical definition by evaluating the concepts common themes across various literature sources. The concepts universal attributes,

This paper has presented a revision of the IPQ, a scale widely used to assess patients’

In order to understand the Biomedical model of health and wellbeing, the meaning behind the terms biomedical, health and wellbeing must be understood. The term ‘biomedical’ combines both biological and medical science. It is a term used consistently within health care, that helps portray the clear links with the biomedical concepts. ‘Bio’ simply means living, or living organism. ‘Medical’ refers to the diagnosis and cure of a disease with the input of science. Health can be defined as a ‘complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.’ This means that any disturbances that would effect either physical, mental or social well being, will have possible consequences regarding one's health in the

Many patient self-report measurement tools designed to assess a large range of HRQOL domains are available 181, which makes choosing the most appropriate tool to assess HRQOL difficult. However, there are several factors that affect choosing the most appropriate assessment tools: psychometric properties, whether a measure is generic or disease-specific, profile or preference-based measure, the length of the instrument, the reference period the question pertains to, and a static or dynamic measure 182. Table 2 presents the considerations for questionnaire selection 182

Variables are defined in the section of “conceptualization of the problem” in this paper. The factors affecting the measurement of study variables were various in ten studies. The factors were used in all nine research studies from primary sources were age, comorbidities, and genders. In addition to those factors, some research studies used additional factors. For example, the studies (Bateman, et al., 2013; de Jager, et al., 2012; Lee, et al., 2015; Hermos, et al., 2012; Krag, et al., 2016; MacLaren, et al., 2014) also used medication as the factor. In addition to the factors (age, comorbidities, genders, and medication), the cohort study (Bateman, et al., 2013) also used other factors,

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a complex construct. Given the array of definitions and perspectives, HRQOL is challenging to define, embed in a theoretical framework, and operationalize. While theory and research on HRQOL in children have grown, adequate methods to measure this construct are needed. As such, a previous review of literature on health related quality of life in children revealed an increase in theoretical articles that addresses the importance of the problem but lack adequate instruments to assess children’s health related quality of life (Ravens-Sieberer & Bullinger, 1998) . Hence, instruments like the KINDL-R were developed.

In the following paragraphs, an attempt to group several related independent factors affecting quality of life is undertaken. Wherever possible these socio-demographic variables, clinical variables are linked with evidence from literature to reduce conjecture.

The potential of patients actively engaging in their health and general wellness is dramatically enhanced by PHRs It is also very helpful to the community wellness, “In terms of population health, fully operationalized PHRs give epidemiologists, researchers, and policy makers vehicles

has been shown to have a positive impact on patient outcomes. This model is one that can be

The World Health Organization defines quality of life as a person’s perceptions of their position in life in the setting of the culture and value systems in which they live in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns (Krageloh et al., 2011). The WHOQOL-100 was developed by the World Health Organization composed of many different doctors and other healthcare providers in order to develop an assessment that could be used internationally and cross-culturally to measure a person’s overall quality of life and well-being, instead of a specific disease. This assessment led to the development of the WHOQOL-BREF, which is an abbreviated version of the WHOQOL-100 because the WHOQOL-100 is too lengthy for practical use; WHOQOL-BREF includes instructions for administering and scoring the assessment. The purpose of this assessment is to provide quality assessments in healthcare, focus attention on all aspects of health, and produce interventions that increase focus on a patient’s well-being (Harper, 1996). There were three main stages to the development of the WHOQOL assessment. The first stage of development consisted of the establishment of a definition of quality of life and how the assessment would be used internationally. The second stage of development explored the quality of life cross-culturally among different fields to establish relevance to the quality of life assessment. The third stage of