The Working Model Of Memory Developed By Baddeley And Hitch

In the last half century several theories have emerged with regard to the best model for human memory. In each of these models there was a specific way to help people recall words and

Their model suggests that the memory consists of three stores, a sensory store, a short-term store and a long-term store; all three have a specific and relatively inflexible function. It stressed that information for our environment such as the visual or auditory and haptic (by touch) initially goes into the sensory memory or empirical register. However, it has very limited capacity, and its duration is very brief, so if we do not notice this much we would forget it, but if we pay attention to it or think

To start, it is important to understand how memory storage occurs. After a series of experiments conducted from 1958-2000, by Dr. Eric R Kandel and numerous colleagues, using a radical reductionist approach, he found evidence for several theories.

The human cognitive structures are organized into long-term memory and working memory. In the past few years, long-term memory has become known as the main structure of human understanding. It allows us to be proficient in a certain area because of the large quantity of information it has stored. In order for skills to be considered learned, they must be stored in long-term memory. Working memory is somewhat different. It is the mental structure that allows us to process information consciously. It limits the amount of time that data can be processed.

This essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974 in Smith & Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi-store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi-store model failed to explain most of the complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested previously by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The working memory model is therefore an enhancement of the multi store model. According to Baddeley and Hitch working memory is a limited- capacity system that stores and processes information.

The central executive is a system control that determines and changes the information that comes from the subsystems of the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad. An example of this is if you were asked what type and how many of each animal do you have. The type of animal would be the visuo-spatial whereas the number of each would be the phonological loop. The central executive system helps use be able to multitask how else would we be able to count animals and know which animals are being counted. People rely heavy on this system to help them remember ting throughout the day not realizing that if the system is being over used it can mix up information and how the person remembers that information.

They proposed that WM comprises a central executive and attentional controller (top-down voluntary attention) that supervises and coordinates a number of subsystems, including 1) The phonological loop, which deals with speech-based information, and 2) The visuo-spatial sketchpad, which deals with visually based information [60]. The central executive has a flexible structure and it is responsible for the regulation and control of cognitive processes with the following functions: binding information from a number of sources into coherent episodes, coordination of the slave systems, shifting between tasks (or retrieval strategies), selection (the role of selective attention), and inhibition. Some studies prefrontal cortex, large regions of the cortex (especially the parietal, frontal, and anterior cingulate), and parts of the basal ganglia are considered as WM [61], [62]. Baddeley [63], [64] equates the central executive with the SAS described by Norman and Shallice [29] and Shallice [30]. Baddeley in 2000 [65] introduced the possibility of a new, fourth, component of WM called the episodic buffer (See Figure 3). The episodic buffer allows information represented in different codes to be temporarily bound together [60]. It is controlled by the central executive, which can retrieve information from the episodic buffer into conscious

167). The working memory is also known as the short-term memory. In their article, Working memory, long-term memory, and medial temporal lobe function, Jensen & Squire state that "Working memory refers to the capacity to maintain this limited amount of information through active rehearsal, usually across a relatively short time interval" (Jensen & Squire, 2012, p. 15). As Ormrod (2016) reiterates, the working memory is made up of a variety of factors (factors which influence attention, the nature of attention itself, the limited capacity of attention, and the control processes of working memory) and as these factors prove, it requires attention to the information stored here to recall it and then retain it in the long-term (pp. 172-177). An example of working memory would be the process I recently went through of learning a new skill in a stats class, and then recalling that information repeatedly in order to work through the steps necessary to correctly compile the statistical

The sequence plays a significant role to reveal the main theme ingrained in the film—about ‘memory’—masterfully with its mise-en-scène. The origin of memory is the only clue to identify between Replicants and humans, in other words, whether the memories are implanted or experienced, and the answer to this very question is what Rachel is trying to find out from Deckard in this scene. To effectively send the message of the conversation and emphasize their emotions, the sequence is mostly composed of shot/reverse shot patterns and close-up shots. The representations of the place such as the lighting, the colour, the setting and the sound help us to easily soak into the ambience.

Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed that control processes determines which information (stimuli) would be retained and rehearsed. They identified rehearsal as the process by which sensory memory retains information for STM, which then encodes the stimuli for encoding by LTM. (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968). Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory led Alan Badderly and Graham Hitch to research the interactions of memory and in 1974 introduce the concept of working memory. Badderly and Hitch theorizes that STM’s role is to temporarily store information; but, while working memory is where the information is organized and controlled. Experiments conducted by these researchers found that working memory contains a phonological loop that holds verbal and auditory

There are three parts of the multi-store model of memory; sensory memory, short-term store and long-term store. The model was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968. The proposed that information enters the system from the environment and first registers on the sensory memory store where it stays for a brief period of time before either decaying or passing onto the short term memory store. Sperling (1960) did a sensory store experiment, which involved showing the participants three rows of letters (12 on the chart) for a split second which they then had to recall. The findings showed that only a fraction of the letters were passed on to the

This essay aims to make an appraisal of two models of memory whilst weighing up the strengths and limitations of each. The two models of memory I will be evaluating are the Multy-store Model of Memory (MSM) and Level of Processing Model.

Craik and Lockhart (1972) were very critical of models like MSM. They completely ignored the idea that humans have different memory stores. Because of this, they created a new theory on level of processing as an alternative to the multi-store model. They disagreed with the theory

Theory: Cognitive Learning Theory is a way of explaining how people process information and experiences in order to learn. This theory has at its foundation the Dual-Store Model of Memory, which was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, and is the most prevalent model of human memory used today. This model states that people take in information to their Sensory Register where it is held for a very short time, maybe a few seconds. The input is either processed and moved to our Short-Term/Working Memory or lost. The information is retained at this point for less than a minute, unless it is further processed and moved into our Long-Term Memory. As teachers it is necessary to understand the cognitive processes used to ensure that input is moved from the Sensory Register to Working Memory and finally to Long-term Memory. These processes are attending, cognitive processing in the working memory and finally, encoding to Long-Term Memory.

The capacity to form memory in face of stressful stimuli is an essential adaptive behaviour that enables organisms to respond rapidly and effectively to similar demands1. The stress response is largely mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) coupled with the release of catecholamines through adrenergic neural discharges1. These physiological mechanisms activate downstream pathways that stimulate metabotropic alterations in neural networks, resulting in long-term memory formation1. In animals and humans, stress mediated neuroendocrine responses enhance the consolidation of emotional memories2. However, exposure to traumatic or chronic stress can result in memory impairments as well as memory related psychopathologies such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 1. Noradrenergic mechanisms are largely implicated in the mediation of emotional memory consolidation1. Therefore, the disruption of this mechanism during periods when memories are in a molecularly labile state has been proposed as a clinical method of pharmacologic modification of intolerable memories in psychiatric patients3. The application of β-adrenergic receptor antagonists during periods of memory reconsolidation is a possible novel mechanism of emotional memory modification in patients with memory related psychopathologies4. In this paper, the influence of the noradrenergic receptor antagonists, propranolol, on stress mediated memory reconsolidation will be characterized. Similarly,