The World Bank And International Monitory Fund

In this paper, I intend to analyze and argue, that we as humans have the right to not only own, but buy, sell, and trade privately owned property. I will also state why I believe that the United States Government should not be an active player in property rights, but an outside regulating source, not interfering or intervening. And I will also go on to say that The United States Government should just protect the people and the people’s property.

Different organizations are formed worldwide but it is mostly their mandates that categorically define the role they play. Among the most recognized, organizations that follow under the control of United Nations get an upper hand and it’s particularly made possible by the powers and control these organizations possess. This article attempts to compare and contrast the United Nations Security Council with the World Bank drawing conclusions from their mandate, style of functioning, governance and organizational culture among the key elements considered. Although they have an international outlook, there are various features within the organizations that depict them as different while others reveal elements that they share and value in common.

The topic I have decided to explore from this week's reading is the assertion that private property rights are a barrier to economic growth. I agree that having a well documented and enforceable system is necessary in protecting one's personal property rights, however the reading seems to believe that landowners are disadvantaged because they cannot secure loans against their property. In the reading, it is reported that Egypt has $240 billion dollars tied up in what he refers to as "dead capital". (De Soto, 2000).

From the late 1990s, international organisations such as United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and USAID were key agents on the public health track. Through partnerships with national government and women’s NGOs, these organizations provided services for married adolescents through UN-FPA’s National Country Strategies and through innovative USAID Nigeria wide projects, such as AWARE I-RH (2003–8) and AWARE II-RH (2009–11) (Walker, 2013). International organisations such as UNFPA, ActionAid International, Grand Challenges Canada, the Institute of International Education, World Learning, USAID Nigeria, UNICEF, UNESO, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation, Family Health International, the World Bank, the Ford Foundation,

Ziff also argues that the over distribution of private property may result in myopic view of externalities, as each land-owner would only care for their own property and not about the needs of the wider community affected by externalities created by their land. This short term view, is an inherent downfall of private property, but society has developed means and ways in which these costs can be met, for example through regulatory authorities, and it is therefore argued that a fully privatise property regime would not be preferable but a partly common and partly private alternative, as

Angry protesting, political upset, governments falling, privatization failing, and money lost are a few outcomes that influence the public opinion on the World Bank, and its involvement in many underdeveloped countries. While the World Bank claims that reducing poverty across the globe is its foremost priority, many opponents believe that it is responsible for increasing poverty. The World Bank is a multifaceted organization that loans money to government around the world for development.

How does the stability/instability of funding shape the nature of activities that international organizations choose to engage in? How has the trend of increasing extra-budgetary funds affected the general international climate on development (issues of competition, overlapping mandates etc.)? What are the implications of contract-based funding for the culture, institutional memory and staffing of international organizations?

Worldwide, approximately 1.3 billion people do not have access to affordable and efficient healthcare and out of those who have access, almost 170 million are forced to spend around 40 % of their income on medical treatment (Asante et al,2016).In low and middle income countries (LMICs), the major constraint to the access of healthcare is financial burden, where out-of-pocket payments (OPP) contribute to approximately 50 % of total health expenditure (WHO, 2010). As a result, in these countries there is high probability of many households being pushed into poverty due to high medical expenses (McIntyre,2006).The matter of concern in LMICS is that poor and disadvantaged groups of population do not have access to adequate quality of healthcare.For instance, according to WHO (2010) up to 20 % of women in rich population are more likely to have a birth attended by skilled health worker than a poor woman. Therefore, taking an action to address health inequities faced in these countries would save up to 700,000 women.

In an ever changing foreign exchange market countries and corporations were searching for a system that could help reduce the risk involved while handling foreign exchange situations. With the demise of the Bankhaus Herstatt in 1974 a system that could protect against the risk of FX settlements was in dire need. The Bank for International Settlement developed the Continuous Linked Settlement (CLS) in 2002. The group would provide the members associated with them the allowance to use the foreign exchange market as a national payment system.

One of the World Bank or the IMF project that was developed is “Rebuilding Infrastructure.” It was set in motion to aid the rebuilding of Infrastructures in countries that were ravaged by, during and after World War II. The project (Rebuilding Infrastructure, under the supervision of IMF and World bank), was originally intended for, and as a principal supervisor on agendas such as poverty reduction, quality education, provision and availability of pure and clean water for all, steady development of employment and job availability, mechanisms to stabilize value of currency, exchange rates and facilitation of currency exchange, dispute resolution systems, Offering loans to aid economies in crises etc.

Through loans, innovative financial solutions, policy advice and technical assistance, the World Bank supports a broad range of programmes aimed at reducing poverty and improving living standards in the developing world. Working through the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association, the Bank uses its financial resources, skilled staff, and extensive knowledge base to help developing countries generate opportunities, enhance growth and create individual opportunity. The Bank has six regional vice presidencies: Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia and Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, South Asia and

The World Bank Group has set two goals for the world to achieve by 2030: To end extreme poverty by decreasing the percentage of people living on less than $1.90 a day to no more than 3% and to promote shared prosperity by fostering the income growth of the bottom 40% for every country, which the organization is trying to achieve via low-interest loans, zero to low-interest credits, and grants to developing countries (“What We Do,” n.d.). The World Bank’s moto is “Working for a World Free of Poverty” with the caveat of “do no harm”’; however, what is left in their wake in many cases is heartbreak and devastation. My task with this paper is to address a project of the World Bank in Nigeria that created problems for the nation, and especially the people therein, that received its assistance.

International organizations have been noted to be around since the mid- 19th century and such organizations do not operate for profit. An international organization is defined by the United Nations as an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence. The main objective of all the international organizations they say ,have usually been welfare and the improvement of member countries through cooperation.

The IMF helps its members to design economic policies and manage their financial personal matters more effectively by strengthening their homo and institutional capacity through technical help and training. Technical foul assistance helps countries develop more effective institutions, legal framework, and policies to promote economic stableness and inclusive growth. Training through practical policy-oriented courses, hands-on workshops, and seminars strengthens functionary’ capacity to analyze economic developments and formulate and implement effective policies

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was one of the many international organizations that emerged after the end of World War II. The primary function of the IMF is to promote the international financial stability and spur monetary cooperation. Many countries see the IMF as a “lender of last resort” (Thacker, 1999:38), meaning countries borrow money from the Fund for “short-term balance of payment support” (Steinwand and Stone, 2007:11) in order to avert the collapse of their domestic economies. Many of the loan programs offered by the IMF are accompanied by the terms commonly known as conditionality. IMF conditionality is a set of intensive fiscal and monetary policy reforms that must be implemented by the borrowing country. An important question often raised in connection with IMF imposed conditionality is whether such programs are effective and they work to enhance the economic situation of the developing country. In this paper, I argue that there are mixed results regarding the IMF program effectiveness, and the success of IMF lending program does depend on domestic factors of the borrowing country.