The World Trade Organization ( Wto )

Following World War II, economic policies were marked by two major trends. On one hand, industrialized economies gradually removed trade barriers. These policies were based on the idea that free trade is not only a factor for economic prosperity of nations, but also for the promotion of peace. On the other hand, economic policies of many developing countries with the exception of few countries in Southeast Asia have been conditioned by the belief that the key to development rests in the establishment of a powerful manufacturing sector, and that the best way to create such an area was to protect local industries from international competition through substitution imports policies.

One of the major advantages of trading is that it allows producers to concentrate or specialize their work in the type of goods they produce best. When people decide to specialized in a specific profession an become doctors, farmers, teachers, or any other profession within an economy, they will be able to produce goods and offers different services that can be trade for any goods or services they may need. In this same way countries can become specialized in the production of specify products and/or services and trade those with other countries. However, trading and importing products and services from other countries also has its disadvantages. As a result of the different products imported governments impose certain restrictions and limitations to protect the domestic production and market of every country involve in any kind of trading transactions. Governments have imposed taxes on trading transactions adding them to the cost of importation, and have the purpose of restricting and/or limiting the imports of goods and services into a country. These government

As a result, of rising opportunity costs, domestic production may stop short of complete specialization. However, if a large group of people and nations are benefiting from specialization and in international exchange, the government has the power to restrict the free flow of imports or encourage exports. Government can interfere with free trade by protective tariffs, import quotas, nontariff barriers, and export subsidies. Protective tariffs are tariffs that are enacted with the aim of protecting a domestic industry. Import tariffs limits on the quantities or total value of specific items that may be imported. Nontariff barriers is a form of restrictive trade where barriers to trade are set up and take a form other than a tariff. While export subsidies is a government policy to encourage export of goods and discourage sale of goods on the domestic market through direct payments, low-cost loans, tax relief for exporters, or government-financed international advertising. In executing barriers against imports, the nations whose exports suffer may retaliate with trade barriers of their own, creating a trade

Dumping: Dumping refers to the practice of a foreign country selling itsproduct in the home market at a price that is lower than its “fair value”. Whilethis can occur even in the presence of trade barriers, the elimination of tariffsin the home country increases the probability of this occurrence and cancause considerable harm to domestic industries that can be driven out ofbusiness altogether.

Under the law, the United States imposes duties on dumped imports causing or threatening to cause disadvantages to the competing U.S. industry. Almost any appreciable injury is considered to be material. The rates of those duties are set equal to the dumping margin, which is the difference between the administratively determined fair value and the market price expressed as a percentage of the market price. Many

Dumping is defined as “a practice in which an exporter sets the price of a product in the domestic market at a high level, sets a lower price of a like product for an export and, by exporting the product with this price differential, causes a material injury to a domestic industry in the market of the importing country” (Narlikar, 2012). This simply means selling a product at a lower price than the farmers in a poorer country can afford. For example, the U.S. could sell Mexico a bushel of corn at $2 when Mexico can only afford to sell theirs at

International trade has become a very important means of survival for global economies in this day and age. As countries continue to grow and resources become smaller, trade with other countries who have provide certain resources in a greater capacity becomes very lucrative. At the same time, those same countries must be able to offer something of similar value. Through this ability of trade, this allows countries to

According to the World Trade Organization, or WTO, dumping occurs when a foreign corporation sells a product at a price that is less than the corporation sells it in its own country (Boyes, 2012, p. 170). As a consumer, I am well aware of the economy and I am always looking for products at a good price; however, when it comes to dumping, there are both advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is when a country sells products they manufacture at a lower price, it does provide employment for residents of their country; however, the company must take a loss on the production of a product in order to boost their advantage in that particular market. Further, dumping can be used as a way to take over a market in another country, attempting to put the

Since the beginning of trade agreements between rich and poor nations, many restrictions have been affected undeveloped countries because of them. In this sense, these impositions transcend the commerce among countries by introducing policies that may have a negative effect on the environment. Even those policies could be considered as a form of imperialism. To sign these agreements, undeveloped countries should modify their statements and processes in order to accomplish those “imposed” standards. One of them is labelling products to be sold inside a richer country. Therefore, it will be pertinent to discuss the implications of what it will call

Now finally we can see the dynamics between protectionism and the concept of Anti-dumping. “Dumping, the practice of selling goods in foreign markets at lower prices than you charge for them in your home market is the protectionists ' favorite bogeyman.”(The Wall Street Journal, 2007).For e.g.: The EU sold a lot of its excess food produce from the common agricultural policy to the world market for very low rates. This in turn affected the farmers in other parts of the world as that changed the market prices and reduced it drastically. (Regine, 2012)So we can see here how dumping affects countries. Generally a nation supports anti- dumping as it wants to protect its domestic industries and hence anti- dumping can be looked at as a protectionist measure. (World Trade Organization, 2013)

Free trade has long be seen by economists as being essential in promoting effective use of natural resources, employment, reduction of poverty and diversity of products for consumers. But the concept of free trade has had many barriers to over come. Including government practices by developed countries, under public and corporate pressures, to protect domestic firms from cheap foreign products. But as history has shown us time and time again is that protectionist measures imposed by governments has almost always had negative effects on the local and world economies. These protectionist measures also hurt developing countries trying to inter into the international trade markets.

Columbia Encyclopedia, (1993) defined dumping as the selling of goods at less than normal price, usually as exports in international trade. It may be done by a producer, a group of producers, or a nation. However, dumping is usually done to drive competitors off the market and secure a monopoly, and/or to hinder foreign competition. Nations, in an effort to counterbalance international dumping, often resorted to flexible tariffs. International trade through acute competition from foreign producers often leads to dumping infractions of law. A policy regarding dumping, depends on its effectiveness in maintaining separate domestic and foreign

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a global organization that helps countries and producers of goods deal fairly and smoothly with conducting their business across international borders. It mainly does this through WTO agreements, which are negotiated and signed by a large majority of the trading nations in the world. The purpose of the WTO is to ensure that global trade commences freely, smoothly and predictably while also aiming to create economic peace and stability in the world through a multilateral system. This is based and applied to member states, currently 162 countries, that have consented and ratified the rules of the WTO in their individual countries. Simply put, these documents act as contracts that provide the legal framework for conducting business among nations, integrating into a country 's domestic legal system, therefore, applying to local companies and nationals in the conduct of business internationally. For instance, if a company were to open an office or business in a foreign country, the rules of the WTO dictates how that can be done.1

The international trade of goods across the world accounts for approximately 60% of the world Gross Domestic Product (The World Bank, 2014). A great proportion of goods transactions occur every second. The primary question is whether international trade benefits a country as an entirety, and, if so, why would a country implement protective trade policies to restrict particular exports? To address this question, this essay aims to explore the impact of trade on various economic stakeholders, including consumers, producers, labour and government and, furthermore, will compare models and theories with reality to ascertain the true winner/ loser in the international trade market.

Government intervention in the trade process may be either economic or noneconomic in nature. [See Table 7.1.]