Following the Second World War and the fall of the already demonized Third Reich, the Western world sought to understand what had possessed 60 million Germans to stand any which way but against the Nazi regime. With no real historical example to be compared to, many historians resorted to the Sonderweg theory to explain the rise of the National Socialist party in Germany, but others turned their attention away from the causes and chose instead to address what life was like under Hitler.1 Mosse begins his book by clearly stating the question he seeks an answer to, that is “How did National Socialism impinge upon the consciousness of those who lived under it?”, before drawing out numerous primary sources to create a literary picture of …show more content…
The propositions put forth by Hitler became the foundation for the cultural education and indoctrination of the masses, ranging from Aryan beauty in simplicity to the importance of the familial unit. In a speech at a German art exposition, Hitler succinctly states that “…to be German is to be logical and true” before exalting German artists for their “clear and simple” artistic endeavors, and this attitude is reflected by the Nazis and subsequently society’s condemnation of lipstick and make up as “relics of an age… of artificiality”.3 Throughout the Nazi hierarchy, from Hitler down to SS captains, the values that are upheld in the German people are utilitarian in nature, much like the physical health of Aryan women was prized vis a vis their aesthetic beauty. Mosse addresses the power struggle between the SA and Hitler through the role of the family in Nazi culture, and the necessity to “nationalize the masses”. While his storm troopers sought to promote comradery and a militant attitude, Hitler believed the “family was the true cell of the state”.4 Redefining a culture and instilling Nazi ideals into generations depended heavily on the party’s ability to influence familial units. Glorification of the ideal Aryan woman as a companion to her husband and a mother to determined Nordic youth reinforced conservative gender roles of prior centuries, whilst empowering them through programs like “Faith and
The motive of this investigation is to analyze the extent of which the Volksgemeinschaft policy affected the rising of German anti-Semitism. The policy arose from the yearning of a society in which there would be less to no differences in class and more unification within the people. The Volkgemeinschaft itself can be defined as a “people’s community.” One of the aspects to consider when analyzing the importance of the Volksgemeinschaft is the terrific and grand impact it had on millions of people. Many people in recent years, as well as in previous years have had numerous unanswered questions about this policy, and this researcher intends to answer a major and essential question; the effect of the policy on German anti-Semitism. Some of the ways in which this investigator plans to analyze and answer this inquiry include collecting information from various reputable internet sites, as well as books such as Michael Wildt’s “Hitler 's Volksgemeinschaft and the Dynamics of Racial Exclusion,” and newspaper articles regarding the policy. The parameter to this investigation will be within the time frame of 1919 and 1939 during which we can see the various changes in German society taking place.
Hitler impresses the Reichstag with the ethos, credibility, of his leadership. Referring to the success of his government, Hitler entreats, “Allow me now to give you a short excerpt from our economic life which proves in plain figures whether and to what extent National Socialism has solved these problems.” Hitler then presents a simple, yet powerful statistic: a tremendous rise in annual German births. Hitler does not pick this statistic blindly. He chooses a statistic that he knows will be important, impactful, and personal to his audience. Not only is a rise in births a sign of increased prosperity (for people are unlikely to have kids if they are not in love and with the means of supporting their children), but it is also a statistic dear to his audience’s heart. After World War I, so many loved ones died. Accordingly, the babies and new life mentioned in the statistic must have brought great joy to a hurting nation. Further, Hitler reinforces his ethos as a leader when he remembers, “It was as an unknown German soldier at the front that I put together this bold program, fighting for fourteen years…” Mr. Hitler is proving his credibility as a planner and a thinker, describing his process of invention, how he carefully came up with the idea while fighting at the front. The thoughtful and planned politicians of the German Reichstag surely appreciate the care and attention their leader invested in this program. For his audience, Hitler could have no better credibility than that provided by increased birth statistics and his claim of careful
Within Germany, a country torn between the rise of a totalitarian party that determined a superior race, Nazism, and the survival of the oppressed, young Germans face a test between a sense of self and society. Individuality would be suppressed within this new type of society, and being different would be the deadliest obstruction to life. The violations of the rights to life, religion, and speech are relived through the stories of the German youth that lived through this haunting time, whose name would be tarnished in their struggle to survive. In their fight, their morals would be challenged and influenced until the Nazi regime ended, and the violation of human dignity would leave them wondering if life was worth living after all. The Nazi Party grew under its leader, Adolf Hitler, which struggled not to use violence against those that disagreed with their views, starting with armed groups known as the Strum Abteilung, who pledged to be ready to sacrifice their life in the aims of the Nazi Party and absolute loyalty to their leader. Their cruel intolerance began by their strong nationalism and their hatred of democracy and communism, and they gained power through the economic depressions around the world, controlling the media by instilling fear and propaganda that influenced a strong belief in their leaders. This belief in the leaders would soon seem to override Church influence when the official body of the Church failed to do anything significant
Peter Fritzche’s book, Germans into Nazis, contends that, “Germans became Nazis because they wanted to become Nazis and because the Nazis spoke so well to their interests and inclinations…however, voters did not back Hitler mainly because they share his hatred of the Jews…but because they departed from established political traditions in that they were identified at once with a distinctly popular form of ethnic nationalism and with the basic social reforms most Germans counted on to ensure national well-being.” (8-9) His argument rests on the notion that the Nazis had a vision for Germany that incorporated Germans into a national community, throwing off the restraints of a tired government, and propelled them towards a future that would
When WWII ended, the US and the Soviet Union emerged not as friends, but as enemies. This occurred for a multitude of reasons including: direct opposite experiences in WWII, the US 's desire to contain communism, and economic incentives. These factors caused the cold war to materialize and then further escalate into an arms race.
The book is broken down into four sections which explains his conception of the main argument, the ideas of national community, racial grooming, destruction of countries, and the perception of the war. The ideas of national renewal, while not something the German people supposedly wanted, would soon reshape the society even when they knew their former Jewish friends and neighbors were victims of genocide under the Nazi regime. The evidence given throughout the analysis include written letters between the day-to-day German people and diaries of both prominent and average members of society. The vast array of people proved that the Nazi regime had touched even the furthest people from society to accept their ideas of German
The rise and subsequent take-over of power in Germany by Hitler and the Nazi Party in the early 1930s was the culmination and continuation not of Enlightenment thought from the 18th and 19th century but the logical conclusion of unstable and cultural conditions that pre-existed in Germany. Hitler’s Nazi Party’s clear manipulation of the weak state of the Weimar Republic through its continued failure economically and socially, plus its undermining of popular support through the signing the Treaty of Versailles all lead to the creation of a Nazi dictatorship under the cult of personality of Hitler. This clear take-over of power and subsequent destruction of any
When looking into the history of Germany and determining what led to the startling rise in Nazism in Germany and its detrimental effects on the social outcasts in Europe, it can be easy to deduce that the Nazi regime was one where Hitler walked in with his officials and took office by force. The truth is that, while the Nazi party is responsible for the atrocities that occurred before and during WWII, they would have not gotten far if it hadn’t been for the cooperation of the German people themselves. Life in the Third Reich provides proof through voting, youth programs and village life that the Nazi party rose into power with German support.
Third arrow is the most difficult to launch as it touches in the structures and regulations that have protected bested interest groups.
The Cold War was an ideological war between the two world superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, beginning after the Second World War. After the war, Germany was left defeated, while Britain and France were left drained and exhausted. Although, the United States and the Soviet Union were drained, they held considerable power, and both soon rose to superpower. The two became rivals through mutual distrust, and constantly competed for power. The Soviet Union wanted to spread Communism in Eastern Europe and the United States wanted to keep the peace. In 1946, an "iron curtain" separated Europe and Europe was divided into a West (western democracies and the United States) and East (Soviet Union and Soviet occupied territory).
(Mosse, 1998, p. 167) In this aspect it is obvious the importance of the ideological area of militarism. Furthermore, in order to fulfil their racial duties, men were also encouraged to marry ‘hereditarily fit’ German women and establish large families. The camaraderie felt between soldiers also appealed to the Nazis, as to the regime ‘male bonding’ was considered the foundation of the state. ‘Soldierly comradeship, cemented with blood, can perhaps temporarily relax, but it can never be torn out of the heart, it cannot be exterminated.’ (Mosse, 1966, p.102) As a result, the idea of the Männerbund (male collective) was heavily promoted in Nazi Germany. (Mosse, 1998, p. 158) Additionally, the organization Hitler-Judgend was created to indoctrinate young men in to the Nazi ideology. ‘The Hitler Youth drilled young Germans to accept Nazi concepts of race, discipline and obedience.’ However, its success in indoctrinating young people was limited as the emphasis on obedience grew tiring for many members. (McDonough, 1999,
The totalitarian regime in the Nazi State from 1933 to 1945 bestowed Hitler incredible status and power, most of which was manipulated into the ubiquitous representations of the Nazi state who cemented fear and acquiescence among the German populace. However, despite the terror instilled within Hitler’s established regime, allegiance to the Furher dwindled as groups successfully resisted the ideology of Nazism. Thence, his monolithic totalitarianism continued to idolize fear as a weapon which played a vital role in the Third Reich as resistance occurred from social democrats and communists, the youth, Christian churches and conservative military groups.
The Nazi movement within Germany purposefully and methodically concentrated power within Adolf Hitler. This concentration of power ultimately created a society of dependence, instigating a state of confusion fuelled by paranoia and duplicity. This climate of terror is essential in maintaining a totalitarian state, as it leads to the populace’s subservience of the government. Concentrating all the power within the state, the German citizens essentially have none themselves, resulting in the autonomy of the populace and the loss of individuality; replaced by a group identity mandating that the primacy of the state overrules the needs and desires of any single citizen.
Though relatively unknown during his lifetime, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche became a household name in the century after his death. The provocative nature of his claims entice many, and none more famously than the philosophers of Nazi Germany. During their reign, he was treated as a prophet of sorts, and was the only philosopher whose likeness was in a photograph with Adolf Hitler.1 Many of his concepts were used in Nazi propaganda, and this intimate connection to one of the world’s most sinister regimes has wreaked havoc on his legacy. However, perhaps the most common view of Nietzsche, even more common than the connection itself, is that the Nazis horribly misrepresented and perverted his philosophy to suit their needs.2 Without
Living in the crumbled remains of Germany, or the Weimar Republic, in the 1920’s was a dismal existence. Hyperinflation was rampant and the national debt skyrocketed as a result of the punishing features of the Treaty of Versailles. During the depression, however, a mysterious Austrian emerged from the depths of the German penal system and gave the desperate German people a glimpse of hope in very dark times. He called for a return to “Fatherland” principles where greater Germany was seen as the center of their universe with zealous pride. Under Hitler’s leadership, Nazi Germany rapidly grew and expanded, continually approaching the goal of world domination and the “Thousand-Year