The World With Limited Connectivity

But how does it work? The internet, based on the concept of “packet switching”, involves the travelling of small packets of data over one or more networks (Frenzel, 2013). This can be compared to “electronic postcards”, meaning that “a computer generates a piece of data and flings it into the net, just like the postal system, except 100 million times faster” (Cerf, 2013). This concept allows one computer to speak to many different computers around the network by sending out these “electronic postcards”. However, before these networks can work seamlessly together, they must use a common protocol, or set of rules for transmitting and receiving these packets of data. There are several protocols currently in use, including the OSI Model, the TCP/IP Model, UDP, HTTP, and FDP (Mitchell, 2014), but the most commonly used is Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (Gilmer, 2011). Even as early as 1977, TCP/IP was being used by other networks to link to ARPANET (Kozierok,

The internet has become a large part of households and our daily lives, so much that many of us today cannot possibly imagine it not existing, even for a couple weeks, days, or even hours. Around 1998, 56k modems became a pivot point bringing the World Wide Web to a greater majority of homes in the United States. These modems were capable of transferring data at around 56kbps, or 0.056mbps. That is roughly 1/155th of the average speed of today’s household internet speed of 8.7mbps according to the latest State of the Internet report by Akamai Technologies. At those speeds, it would take around twelve minutes to download an average five megabyte song in 1998 whereas today it would take roughly five seconds in the average household today. According to an article by Steve Lohr in The New York Times, in the 1990s, when the World Wide Web was becoming popular, it was so slow and crowed that it became dubbed as the world wide wait. People were willing to wait great deals of time just for a single page to load though. In modern days, Google engineers did a study and found if users are forced to wait more than four hundred milliseconds for results the majority of people are likely to leave and search somewhere else. Reporter Vamien Mckalin concludes that it only proves how much of a change high speed Internet has brought about in our lives. Christopher Muther of the Boston Globe describes the side effects of hyper connected living as sounding like a prescription

With the rapid growth of the Internet after commercialization in the 1990s, it became evident that far more addresses than the IPv4 address space has available were necessary to connect new devices in the future. By 1998, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) had formalized the successor protocol. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, allowing 2128, or approximately 3.4×1038 addresses, or more than 7.9×1028 times as many as IPv4, which uses 32-bit addresses and provides approximately 4.3 billion addresses. The two protocols are not designed to beinteroperable, complicating the transition to IPv6. However, several IPv6 transition mechanisms have been devised to permit communication between IPv4 and IPv6

IPv4 address exhaustion- A term referring to the very real problem in the worldwide Internet, which first presented itself in the late 1980s, in which the world appeared to be running out of the available IPv4 address space.

IP addresses can be used by more than one system, reducing the total number of IP addresses needed. This conservation of addresses is important because the Internet is quickly running out of IPv4 addresses. Although a particular IP address can be used by only one system at a time, many enduser systems require addresses only occasionally, when they connect to the Internet. By reusing IP addresses, DHCP lengthens the life of the IPv4 protocol. DHCP applies to IPv4 only, as IPv6 forces systems to configure their IP addresses automatically (called autoconfiguration) when they connect to a network (page 373).

The Internet is, quite literally, a network of networks. It is comprised of ten thousands of interconnected networks spanning the globe. The computers that form the Internet range from huge mainframes in research establishments to modest PCs in people's homes and offices. Despite the recent hype, the Internet is not a new phenomenon. Its roots lie in a collection of computers that were linked together in the 1970s to form the US Department of Defense's communications systems. Fearing the consequences of nuclear attack, there was no central computer holding vast amounts of data, rather the information was dispersed across thousands of machines. A set of rules, of protocols, known as TCP/IP was

The world of technology is dynamic. Technology has been revolutionized to its current status of industry four. This has seen various changes in the information technology, in the previous time the Internet Protocol 4 (IPV 4) was used to identify the IP address. Times have changes leading to the development of IPV 6 which can handle multiple addresses at a time. The IPV 6 handles 3.4 x 1038 addresses at a single time. This recommendable since the world has evolved to use of digital systems that require IP addresses every time. This paper explains the effects of technology developments, benefits and the flaws involved. The development of technology has been used in various industrial fields that include, industrial production, aquatic study, and research, smart lighting among others.

A Dynamic IP will change at different times depending on your (ISP), and costs less for your ISP as the device leases a IP address at no extra cost. Geolocation is also less accurate when using dynamic compared to using a static IP address. Due to the lack of spaces left with IPv4 and the need for more spaces, Internet Protocol 6 (IPv6) was developed to replace it. By 1998 the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) had developed the 128-bit address, which was a huge improvement of the 32-bit address of IPv4. The number of addresses IPv6 uses is 2 to the power of 128 which is billions. At the moment, most people are still using IPv4 but we are running out of spaces and most providers will have to start providing IPv6 addresses to

Since its advent the Internet has been making its way into very farfetched corners of the world, allowing people to virtually reduce distances. Now the Internet was based on a notion called IP (Internet Protocol), Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) to be exact. Now as the number of computer connected to the Internet grows, the amount of numbers in the IPv4 protocol was finite. Simply put, there are 2^32 useful addresses in IPv4 (subtracting the loopback and the non-routable). With all the connected computers (and growing) this number looks very small. That being said the number of non-allocated IPs is decreasing at a very fast pace. To cater to this problem IPv6 is brought forward. Although there are a lot of problems with the implementation, it certainly brings forward a huge pool of addresses supplemented by some really good security benefits. Some of them include decreased vulnerability to the man in the middle attacks and larger atmosphere surface area, making worm proliferation less effectual. While some may consider these benefits to be negligible, they should be embraced within a set economic cost.

The TCP/IP protocols are the heart and soul of the Internet, and they describe the fundamental rules that govern all communications in the network. The original address system of the Internet is Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed IPv6 to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. However, IPv6 is not foreseen to supplant IPv4 instantaneously.

Perhaps one of the greatest inventions of out time is the Internet. Without a doubt, the net has had a profound effect on almost every aspect of our lives. The formation of the Internet has changed the way we do business, communicate, entertain, retrieve information, and even educate ourselves. Nevertheless, the Internet might have never materialized if it had not been for some innovated thinkers from the Advanced Research Project Agency, who created "ARPANET." In collaboration with several educational and research institutions, the agency created the packet-switching technologies that form the basis of the Internet today.

This video was really compelling and includes a lot of aspects that sometimes we as parents forget that real threats are there. As a computer science mayor and with an experience of twenty years plus I can say that the internet indeed grows at exponential rates every month. In an article published by (TechnoLlama, 2009) “In countries like the UK, ISPs are struggling to keep up with growing bandwidth demands from online gamers, P2P, Web 2.0 sites, and streaming services such as Last FM, BBC’s iPlayer, and Spotify.” And that was in 2009, in 2012 IPv6 protocol went live. The reason is that this is the next generation of what we knew as IP (IPv4) and “IPv4 has only 4.3 billion addresses, and with PCs, smartphones, tablets, gaming systems, and just about everything else connecting to the Internet we've tapped the system dry. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses and is capable of 340 undecillion addresses. That is 340 times 10 to the 36th power, or 340 trillion trillion trillion possible IP addresses” (Bradley, 2012).

What is IPv4? IPv4 is a 32-bit address used for communication between nodes using the TCP/IP protocol. The IPv4 address is broken into 4 octets each 8 bits long in binary and are broken into 5 different classes. Class A addresses start out where the first octet of the IP address ranged from 1-127 where 10 is reserved from private IP addresses. Class B addresses start out with 128 - 191 and has the 172.16.x.x to 172.31.x.x reserved from private IP addresses. Next is class C addresses that range from 192 - 223 in the first octet where 192.168.x.x is reserved from private IP addresses. Class D addresses range from 224 -239 in the first octet and are reserved from multicasting network traffic. Finally we have class E that range from 240 - 255 in the first octet and is reserved for experimental purposes ("IPv4," 2016).

In today’s world 3 billion humans are on the internet but there are also 4 billion people that are not. In the beginning of my study on the future of the internet, I asked myself this question: is it possible that everyone could be online and globally connected? Then I asked myself how, if everyone is online, the future of the internet change the experience of everyday life? Looking back, the internet is still a relatively new phenomenon as it was first created back in the 1960’s by a computer scientist named J.C.R Licklider. He envisioned a network of computers, called the galactic network, which would allow humans to be able to share information instantly. Overtime this is how the internet developed, as many of these networks that shared

Those who implemented the IP addressing did not consider the fact the internet services would grow to the current status. In the past, running a network without using an IP addressing was unimaginable; but today, NAT has come with the solution to all these challenges. The only problem is that long-term solution is yet to be realized. IPV4 has provided a solution, but it uses only 32 bit hence not very efficient (Tyson). Through NAT, a router acts as an agent between a public network (Internet)