The dielectric relaxation properties and dipole ordering of binary mixtures of low molecular weight

4. Write a structural diagram equation to represent the reaction between each alcohol and HCl(aq).

The Hydroxyl group on alcohols relates to their reactivity. This concept was explored by answering the question “Does each alcohol undergo halogenation and controlled oxidation?” . Using three isomers of butanol; the primary 1-butanol, the secondary 2-butanol and the tertiary 2-methyl-2-propanol, also referred to as T-butanol, two experiments were performed to test the capabilities of the alcohols. When mixed with hydrochloric acid in a glass test tube, the primary alcohol and secondary alcohols were expected to halogenate, however the secondary and tertiary ended up doing so. This may have been because of the orientation of the Hydroxyl group when butanol is in a different

3. In Molecular Series I (Straight-Chain Alcohols): As you go through the group from methanol  ethanol  1-propanol  1-butanol:

Substance A and B were weighed; Substance A weighed 0.502 g and substance B weighed 0.503 g. Both substances were put into two different test tube with approximately 8 ml of DI water into the test tub. Substance A and B were stirred and B dissolved while A did not. This shows that B is soluble in water compared to A. Thus, shows that B is soluble in water than A. The reason why B is soluble in water is because it has a higher dipole moment than A. With a higher dipole moment, it shows that it is soluble in water since it is polar and the bonds were easily broken.

After the trial ran for 10 minutes, we measured the distance travelled by the solutes and the distance travelled by the solvent. The distance the solvent travelled was 5.3 cm. The unknown solute travelled 4.1 cm, the Vis-a-Vis solute travelled 4.9 cm, the sharpie solute travelled 5.4 cm, and the Just Basic solute travelled 5.3 cm. By dividing the distanced travelled by the solute by the distance travelled by solvent we calculated the Rf value for each pen type. The unknown had an Rf value of 0.77, the Vis-a-Vis had an Rf value of 0.92, the Sharpie had an Rf value of 1.0, and the Just Basic marker had an Rf value of

A biomolecule can dissolve in water if it can form significant non-covalent interactions with the solvent molecules.

There are four main regions of IR absorptions: region 4000 – 3000 cm-1 corresponds to N-H, C-H and O-H stretching, region 2250- 2100 cm-1 is triple-bond stretching , region 2000- 1500 cm-1 is double bonds and the region below 1500 cm-1 is the fingerprint region where a variety of single bonds are absorbed.3 The chromic acid test is a test for oxidizability and gives a positive result for primary and secondary alcohols as well as aldehydes2. A positive result in the chromic acid test is indicated by a color change and the formation of a precipitate. Tertiary alcohols give negative results for the chromic acid test since there must be a hydrogen present on the alcoholic carbon for oxidation to occur. The 2,4 DNP test, tests for a carbonyl and is therefore a dependable test for aldehydes and ketones. Finally, 13C NMR spectroscopy is a test to determine the structure of a compound. 13C NMR detects the 13C isotope of carbon. Each carbon has a different chemical shift. A carbon’s chemical shift is affected by the electronegativity of nearby atoms. Carbons that are bonded to highly electronegative atoms resonant downfield because the electronegative atom pulls electrons away from the nearby carbons and cause those carbons to resonant downfield1 (John McMurry, 2008). A general trend is that sp3-hybridized carbons absorb from 0 to 90 ppm, sp2-hybridized carbons resonant between 110

o When an alcohol contains more than 2 carbon atoms abd more than two –OH groups, a number system is used.

Alcohol is an organic compound, containing Oxygen, carbon and hydrogen , which is formed when any hydroxyl functional group is attached to a carbon atom (Alcohol, 2000). A hydroxyl fuctional group consists of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom (Alcohols, 2007). The behaviour of an alcohol molecule is usually determined by the number of functional groups it contains ( Masterton, 1989). Ethanol has a formula of C2H5OH(l), demonstrated in figure 1 below, has a melting Point of: -114°C and a boiling Point of 78.5°C. Ethanol has a heat of combustion of 1368 kJ mol-1 and its combustion equation is C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g)

Alcohols are an organic compound. This means they are made up of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. The name alcohol comes from the hydroxide bond (OH) attached to the carbon base. The alcohols are a homogenous series, and the OH bond determines the characteristics of the compound. The general formula for alcohols is CnH2n+1OH, where n is the number of carbon atoms.

There are two types of Carbon Chains, there are; Straight chains and there are Isomers. Straight Chain Alcohols include: Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol, Pentanol, Hexanol, Heptanol, Octanol and Decanol. Isomers include: Iso-Amyl, Butan-2-ol, Tert-Butanol and Propan-2-ol. The difference between Straight Chain Alcohols and Isomers is simply the way that the carbon and hydrogen molecules bond. In straight chain alcohols the hydrogen molecules bond with the carbon molecules in a rectangular shape whereas Isomers bond in random

The purpose of this experiment was to show the properties and capabilities of super absorbent polymers and how table salt (NaCl) affects the properties of the super absorbent polymer. For this experiment we were given three vials of substances; one vial contained a small amount of powder of super absorbent polymer, one was 1/3 full with water, and the last one was 1/3 full with salt water. We were then instructed to mix these vials in order to see how the materials relate and impact each other’s physical and chemical properties.

Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol or drinking alcohol, is an organic compound belonging to the alcohol group. It could also be abbreviated EtOH. The hydroxyl, OH, functional group differentiates the compound from the other organic compounds and hence shares some of the same physical and chemical properties, with other alcohols. Ethanol is used as fuel, solvents and in alcoholic beverages. It is also used as antiseptics, household cleaning products, varnishes and in alcohol thermometers (Garcia). The molecular formula of ethanol is C2H6O, normally written as C2H5OH or CH3CH2OH. The molar mass, boiling point and melting point of ethanol is 46.069g/mol, 78.29ºC and -114.14ºC, respectively (Ethanol). Ethanol is a colorless liquid with a slight odor, soluble in water, flammable, volatile and evaporates easily when left in the open (Garcia).

The solubility data is shown in Table I and it is presented in Figs.1, 2 and 3. The solubility of fenoprofen amongst various oils investigated was found to be highest in oleic acid (198.93±2.91mg/ml) followed by triacetin, labrafil M1944, capryol 90. The solubility of drug was insignificantly different between labrafac lipophil, IPM, and labrafac PG. Amongst surfactants, labrasol showed maximum solubility (129.17±1.4mg/ml) followed by tween 80, and span 20. Propylene glycol showed highest solubility among the cosurfactants (210.5±1.57mg/ml), followed by glycerol, plurol oleique, and lauroglycol 90.

As mentioned in the discussion, olive oil, vegetable oil, crisco, and lard were soluble in nonpolar solvents and insoluble in polar solvents. This is due to the chemical composition of polar and nonpolar substances which results from the molecular shape as well as properties of dissolving solutes in solution. Polar substances are hydrophilic and contain polar Van Der Waals interactions (intermolecular forces) such as dipole-dipole forces, ion-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. Nonpolar substances are hydrophobic and contain non-polar Van Der Waals interactions. ‘Like dissolve like’ is the reason only polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and why nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Molecules with similar polarity have similar intermolecular forces and therefore, can interact with each, or in this case dissolve9. Additionally, the solubility of a compound is determined by the length of the hydrocarbon chain. Long hydrocarbon chains such as the one found in oleic acid makes a compound more insoluble10. Therefore, since the lipids used in this experiment were hydrophobic substances and each lipid has long hydrocarbon chains, the results were consistent with the scientific literature and principles.