The effect of food source (mung bean Vigna radiata vs. black-eyed pea Vigna unguiculata) on relative inhibition of acetylcholinerase due to malaoxon in bean beetle Callosobruchus maculatus

These not only affect the plant in their specific ways, they also have different effects when they are present in certain ratios with the other chemicals. Plant hormones maintain a delicate balance, and this experiment serves to observe that balance (Campbell and Reese, 2008).

The purpose of this experiment is to determine what kind of food the sow bug prefers; decaying leaves, potatoes, grapes, or sow bug food.

Hobart and William Smith Colleges. (2017). Lab 04 BIOL 1510 Lab Manual Plant Defenses F2017 - Biology - StuDocu. Retrieved from https://www.studocu.com/en/document/hobart-and-william-smith-colleges/biology/lecture-notes/lab-04-biol-1510-lab-manual-plant-defenses-f2017/1396233/view

vulgaris plants, via the formation of a standard curve prepared using varying concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution. Following absorbance readings of the various BSA solutions, they were plotted against their concentrations providing an indirect measure for determining protein concentrations of the plant samples within the assay tubes, and through further calculations the sample protein concentration. The mean protein concentration for the control group was calculated to be 3.34 ± 1.30 mg/mL, while the mean treated group concentration was 2.01 ± 1.26 mg/mL. These results similarly like the chlorophyll results correlate with the literature articles, as a reduced protein content within the Paraquat treated plants can be expected to some extent (Chia et al., 1981). This reduction in protein concentration is the result of those superoxide anions produced by Paraquat, disrupting the chloroplast membranes and allowing for intracellular components including some proteins to leak out, hence the decrease in protein concentration in comparison to the non-treated plants (Qian et al., 2009). A slight outlier may exist within the treated groups protein concentrations as one of the groups provided a negative value for protein concentration which is not valid, but even after exclusion of that data value, results are still supportive of the expected outcome. Though these results support the claim of Paraquat toxicity causing membrane deterioration and leakiness, protein concentration values are rather more purposeful when used to analyze malondialdehyde (MDA) values on per mg of protein

The purpose of this experiment was to alter the cell membrane of the beets, in a given fashion, so that we can test how much betacyanin was able to cross the cell membrane of the beet through various treatment. In which after we would test the absorbance level of each treatment, run it through excel and observe which treatment was most effective at getting betacyanin through the cell membrane more.

In this experiment, we tested three different environments, soil, sand, and a leafy mixture to see which one a pill bug would prefer the most. Originally, we believed that the pill bug would find the leafy substance to be most favorable. Five pill bugs and then a single pill bug was placed in the center so that it could select one of the substrates. The data collected at the end of the experiment opposed our original hypothesis as we discovered that the most favored environment was the soil. This finding could correlate with the dark color of the soil closely matching the color of the pill bug or the moisture in the soil.

Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides (NCAP) (Winter 1992). Malathion Insecticide Factsheet. Journal of Pesticide Reform 12(4). Retrieved May 4, 2008, from

One-sample t-test are used in the parametric test which analyzes the means of populations. The t-test for independent groups are statistics that relates difference between treatment means to the amount of variability expected between any two samples of data within the same population (Hansen & Myers, 2012). Critical values are used in significant testing provide a range of t distribution that is used in whether a null hypothesis is rejected. Based on the data below as the level of significance is at .05, thus the critical values would fall under ±1.860 and the t value for this is 1.871 would suggest for the null to be rejected as it is greater than the critical value (Privitera, 2015, p. 267). Based on the population mean of 70 there was a mean difference of

Hypothesis: The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the question will different food sources affect the level of activity of detoxification enzymes in bean beetles? The class alternate hypothesis is different food sources will affect the level of activity of the detoxification enzymes in bean beetles. The null hypothesis is the different food sources will not have any effect on the level of activity of the detoxification enzymes in bean beetles. Experimental design: The independent variables in this experiment were the types of beans (bean 1 was mung beans and bean 2 was adzuki beans) and enzymes assays used.

The control used in the experiment was water. For each trial we set up, it was to see the results between our assigned extract and water. This was useful in interpreting our results because our results were based on how the insects responded. If they had no preference to either strip, attraction to the plant extract, or if they

Pesticides are widely used by farmers in order to keep bugs from eating their crops however, pesticides also hurt insects, such as bees, that help pollinate their crops (book). My solution to this problem would be to use the foliars approach when applying pesticides and eliminate chemicals in pesticides that are especially toxic to bees (US Environmental Protection Agency). The foliars approach applies the pesticide directly to the plant instead of spraying vastly over the crops (US Environmental Protection Agency). This protects the bees by

In the early 1940’s, a new technology emerged that was able to successfully combat crop-damaging and disease-carrying insects. A new age of synthetic chemical pesticides use arose. After their impressive success in fighting deadly insect-borne diseases during World War II, pesticides were used widely to combat insect pests for agriculture and public health. Few people challenged the benefits of the new scientific and technological products and many embraced pesticide use with enthusiasm. Despite its success, doubts about pesticide use began to appear a decade later in the 1950’s, when the government began a vigorous pesticide campaign across the country against insect pests. Scientists began reporting heavy losses of avian and

In this lab, the class discovered the effects of different substrates and stimuli on red flour beetles. Red flour beetles eat flour and other grains and the female beetle deposits her eggs on flour, cereal, dry pet food, or other similar products. The larvae hatch and then begin to eat the material around them. In the article “Patch exploitation by Tribolium castaneum: Movement patterns, distribution, and oviposition”, it says that most of the activity from red flour beetles is spent in food sources (Campbell and Hagstrum). There are many factors that affect the red flour beetles ability to survive or reproduce, like temperature, food source, stress, and genetics (Biology 159). In “Humidity Reactions of Tribolium Castaneum (Herbst)”, it states that red flour beetles are attracted to different substrates due to their nutritional levels and moisture level of the substrate (Willis and Roth).

Neonicotinoid pesticides are a group of chemicals widely used on farm crops, plants, and trees (1). The concern behind these pesticides is the harmful impact on pollinating insects such as honey bees and bumble bees (1). Neonicotinoids are sprayed onto the plant where they are absorbed by the plant and are transported to all parts of the plant including the pollen (see figure 1) (1). Bees then ingest the pesticide via the pollen; specifically, this is the point where the central nervous system of the bees becomes compromised. A large number of deaths in bees is being used as an argument against the use of neonicotinoids (1).

There are different types of pesticides, which include the contact, the dust and wettables and the systemic ones. In the study of CCD, several pesticides are being investigated with emphasis being laid on antibiotics, miticides and neonicotinoid pesticides. Just like other insects are vulnerable to pesticides, bees are no exception. Since bees are also insects by nature, the alleged role of pesticides in CCD is justified. Neonicotinoids are pesticides that contain nicotine and the most widely used are imidacloprid and clothianidin, whose effects on other insects are similar to those exhibited in CCD. The effects of miticides are disastrous as they involve the reduction of not only the sperm count among the drones, but also the viability of those sperms (Timbrell, 2002).