The genus known as Staphylococcus is a typical resident of the skin and mucous membranes, which is

Staphylococcus aureus is a microorganism that appears on several diverse surfaces. This bacterium lives harmlessly on the skin as part of the normal flora. Hard surfaces are also covered in S. aureus. The microorganism is gram positive.

Staphylococcus aureus, or golden staph, “is a common bacterium that lives on the skin or

They mimicked the cross-links, peptide bonds, that were used in Gram positive bacterium for the cell walls. As the cell wall of the bacterium attempted to use the penicillin-binding proteins as peptide bonds, no bonds would form and this destroyed or lysed the cell wall. Even more interesting is the way in which these bacterium became resistant. The bacterium began to mutate and started producing enzymes that destroy the penicillin structure. Which in turn would stop the penicillin from lysing the cell walls. In a short amount of time the Gram positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, are able to have genetic mutations that allow the species to

found that both the drug and the bacteria use enzymes as their defense and attack

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is a strain of staph bacteria which has developed resistance to the antibiotics designed to treat common staph infections (Winterstein, 2009, p.189). Originally viewed as a hospital pathogen, MRSA has now begun to appear in the community. Hence, the infection is now distinguished by its origin, defined as hospital-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), or community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). The close proximity of athletes, who often share soap, towels, and other items commonly used in the dressing room, as well as the vigorous physical contact involved in sporting activity (both practice and competition), have led to MRSA becoming a concern in athletics. MRSA is a concern because it can lead to severe infection and even morbidity (Indeed, athletes have become a target population for MRSA. A recent study of 377 varsity college athletes at Vanderbilt University confirms that those involved in contact sports were more than twice as likely to carry MRSA (Jiminez-Truque, 2014). It is believed that the higher prevalence of MRSA in contact sports is a result of the increased skin-to-skin contact which can lead to abrasions and cuts, which permit the superbug to enter the body and colonize it (Jiminez-Truque, 2014). Treatment of MRSA involves draining of abscesses, combined with administration of powerful antibiotics, usually intravenously (Winterstein, 2009, p.187). Since MRSA is resistant to the antibiotics developed to treat it

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a Gram-positive skin-dwelling commensal microorganism within the human microbiota. As a commensal, S. epidermidis may enhance cutaneous defense through elicitation of host immune responses by stimulating the innate immune system through toll-like receptors (TLRs) found on keratinocytes in the epidermidis [1]. Nevertheless S. epidermidis has the potential to become pathogenic especially in nosocomial or hospital-acquired infections by infecting immunocompromised individuals with medical devices like catheters and implants [1], [2]

MRSA, or methacillin-resistant Staphyloccus aureus, is a staph infection that is resistant to many antibiotics that are used to cure staph infections. According to the Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, MRSA is the most common cause of skin infections and in some cases if not treated can become as severe as sepsis which can be life threatening. (Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, 2016, Para 1) MRSA is spread from skin to skin contact and once it has infected the host, and becomes more severe it has the ability to spread into the bloodstream, joints, bones and even organs. Severe cases of MRSA are typically seen in health care facilities. (Jatin M. Vyas, 2016, Para 4) Along with improper hand hygiene being a mode of transmission, patients are also able to contract the infection by coming in contact with contaminated bed linens, the bed or medical equipment.(CDC, 2016, Para

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureas (MRSA) is one of the most dangerous strains of Staphylococcus Aureas that causes life-threatening pneumonia, bloodstream infections and surgical site infections in medical facilities (CDC, 2015).

Staphylococci are facultative anaerobes that grow by aerobic respiration or by fermentation that yields principally lactic acid. The bacteria are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. S. Aureus can grow at a temperature range of 15 to 45 degrees and at NaCl concentrations as high as 15 percent. Nearly all strains of S. aureus produce the enzyme coagulase: nearly all strains of S. epidermis lack this enzyme.

Penicillin, as well as other β- lactams, inhibits the enzyme that places essential cross-links between the individual polymer strings of the cell wall. It does this specifically by using the β-lactam ring to irreversibly block the active site of the enzyme, which catalyzes the reaction, transpeptidase. This inhibition allows the bacteria to newly synthesize a cell wall and to elongate, but not divide. This is due to the lack of cross-linking. The result is disruption of cell wall integrity, making the cell osmotically unstable and susceptible to lysis (Walsh, 2003). Penicillin reacts with the transpeptidase to form a stable acyl intermediate. The β-lactam ring acylates the hydroxyl group of one specific serine residue in the transpeptidase, producing an inactive penicilloyl-enzyme complex (Williams et al.,

This bacterium can cause many complications and can also be fatal. It is one of the many microorganisms that live on the human skin that are harmless as long as they are in balance with the other microorganisms. When they are unbalanced is when they become dangerous and can create skin infections. If the infection enters the bloodstream through an abrasion or opening in the skin then it can become fatal. Although it is a normal flora of the human body people with weak immune systems are at greatest risk of having the unbalanced microorganisms. For the structure of the bacteria, it has a much stronger cell wall than other bacterias like micrococcus. Staphylococcus is capable of growing using glucose. When the bacteria is exposed to glucose, fructose, sucrose, glycerol, and lactose it will produce an acid when it has oxygen to do

Staphylococcus aureus was first identified by Sir Alexander Ogston in 1880, although Friedrich Julius Rosenbach is credited with giving the bacterium its current name in 1884. Staphylococcus aureus is commonly considered a natural inhabitant among the microfauna that is found on a human’s skin, inside the nostrils, and inside the lower reproductive tracts of healthy women (Kluytmans et al, 1997). Although S. aureus is commonly found on humans, it is known to be pathogenic, causing a range of illnesses, such as minor skin infections, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, and sepsis (National Institute Of Allergy And Infectious Diseases, 1999). Several other species of bacteria have had their names changed since they were first discovered, such as

aureus that is resistant to many antibiotics. MRSA is unable to be killed by all beta-lactam

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that infects of the skin of an animal that creates horrific pain to the host. The name is broken down into three parts in Latin. “Staphyle” meaning “a bunch of grapes”, coccus which means “spherical bacterium” and aureus which best means “golden or gold-colored.” This name came about in Latin because when looked at under a microscope, the bacteria are all clumped together like grapes on a vine and the color is gold. (Harper n.d.) This bacterium is Gram-positive meaning that within the walls of the cell, peptidoglycan exceptionally thick. (Bruckner 2012) (PHAC 2012) A different strain of this bacterium called MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a bigger problem because it is unaffected by a type of penicillin, Methicillin. The first known sighting this particular resistant strain was first documented in 1961 by British scientists in England. (NiAID NIH 2008) Penicillin is used to create antibiotics because it in a way interferes with the cell wall of the strain and weakens it causing it to loose structure and die. By a strain becoming resistant, it learns the make-up of the antibiotic to change itself for the best chance of survival. (Tufts EDU 2014)

Staphylococcus Aureus, commonly known as “Staph”, is present on most of the population on our skin and in our nostrils and throat. It can live on even the healthiest, cleanliest individuals. The staph bacteria do not cause harm until there is an open area or break in the human’s main defense system, the skin. Once the bacteria enter the wound, an infection may occur.