The highest mortality rate in trauma patients with massive haemorrhage initially develops with

Mild hypothermia is generally considered gentle and safe[8] although a minor subset of patients may experience side effects such as infections, coagulation and electrolyte disturbances and potentially life-threatening arrhythmias during post-cardiac arrest care[5].

Hemorrhages, or internal bleeding, account for a large portion of deaths in the world. Hemorrhages are an extremely life threatening injury that require immediate medical attention. These injuries are extremely sensitive to the time of injury and the time it takes for surgery to begin. Hemorrhages fall into two main categories: non-compressible and compressible. Compressible hemorrhages can be treated with external compression, tourniquets, and dressings. Non-compressible hemorrhages can not be treated with these techniques, because the injury is usually deep inside the abdominal part of the body and either not visible, or not within reach. This makes non-compressible hemorrhages much more challenging to treat.

He then took samples of urine, blood, and mucous as body temperatures lowered. Through this tortured, Rascher used the data to create the hypothermia treatment called "active rapid rewarming." More than 90 people lost their lives for this medical advancement (Adams).

hypertension. Therapeutic hypothermia (THT) has been considered an effective method for reducing ischemic injury of the brain due to cardiac arrest. But there are some opponents in the medical community who believe that broadening the scope of THT could be dangerous to patients. Although opponents do not seem to blame THT for adverse patient outcomes; the disagreement seems to be about the variables involved before hospital arrival, amount of time that it takes to administer THT in the ER, which therapies should be administered with THT and the need for more research that tracks adverse events. A study published by The American Journal of Emergency Medicine supports the widely held view that THT is an effective treatment for cardiac arrest

Therapeutic hypothermia can save lives, as well as maintain neurological proficiency. The risks however are ever-present. The possibility of developing a cardiac arrhythmia is very possible. The fact is however that the majority of cardiac arrhythmias do not present immediate or life threatening dangers. It is possible, yet uncommon, for the arrhythmia to pose serious effects on the circulatory system, and therefore seeing as this is the most common problem that s caused by the use of therapeutic hypothermia, when weighed against the possibility of preserving neurological function and or saving a life, the benefits can potentially often outweigh the risks. Though there are other, more serious problems that can arise due to the use of this treatment, they are far less common, and or

This retrospective review showed that the greatest barrier to TTT was that physicians chose to start therapeutic hypothermia upon admission to the ICU versus in the field or in the emergency room. The study concluded that only 18% of the time the hospital was able to get patients to target temperature (with the mean TTT of 461 minutes) despite a protocol being in place. This barrier was typically due to the decision to cool the patient being made in the ICU, hours after return of spontanous circulation (ROSC) in the emergency room. The importance of this article shows that time is a sensitive component to the succes of therapeutic hypothermia for patients after an out of hospital cardiac arrest. There not only need to be protocols regarding therapeutic hypothermia, but also initiatives to start cooling the patient as soon as possible after

Shock is described as a state of hypoperfusion of the organs and tissues, which results in cellular dysfunction and cell death. There are many varieties of shock, but for the purpose of this essay I will focus on hypovolemic shock. The term hypovolemic means low volume; this term in and of itself tells us what the root cause of this form of shock is, low blood volume. There are two different types of hypovolemic shock, hemorrhagic and non hemorrhagic. I will be discussing the possible causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment options for the hemorrhagic type. I will also explain what health care providers in the field should be looking for to determine whether the patient is in a state of compensated or decompensating shock. Compensated shock is when the body is using all of it’s resources to maintain perfusion but in the later stages of shock the patient will decompensate, this is when the body’s attempts at maintaining perfusion are beginning to fail.

the blood and keep it from moving from one place in the body to another. Exposure may result

More recent studies done on animals have been performed in order to manipulate the variables associated with the hypothermia protocol in attempt to solidify the most effective treatment. Although animal studies allow for a more precise scientific method and yield important information, they are not guaranteed to be identical in a human patient. One study involved pigs that underwent a mechanically induced 100% occlusion of the LAD. The results suggested that only early-induced hypothermia, prior to reperfusion, yield a decreased infarct size. Also hypothermia, regardless of onset time related to reperfusion decreased microvascular obstruction. In addition, the study utilized IV cold saline to achieve a more rapid cooling. The pigs, about 50kg, reached less than 35 degrees Celsius in 5 minutes. The usual time for humans to cool using

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an acquired syndrome that occurs when a stimulus pathologically activates intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis resulting in an unbalanced hemostasis (Cunningham, 1999; Huether & McCance, 2008; Wada, 2008). The initiation of DIC starts with the release of tissue factor (TF) by the endothelial cells or white blood cells (WBCs). TF are present on many different cell types including lungs, brain, and placenta. The release of TF is subsequent to a variety of causes including trauma, ischemia, excessive metabolic stress, tumors, infectious organisms, exposure to cytokines and endotoxins (Baglin, 1996; Vinay, Abul, Nelson, & Richard, 2007). The release of endotoxin is the means by which

(Karmiova, 2001) and is predictive of subsequent multiple organ failure, infection and than eventually death in these patients. These conditions have many features common with sepsis. Blood concentrations of various cytokines, soluble receptors and endotoxins increase within as early as 3 hours after cardiac arrest, the magnitude of these changes is associated with the outcome. Activation of blood coagulation without adequate activation of endogenous fibrinolysis is an important pathophysiological mechanism that may contribute to microcirculatory reperfusion disorders (Böttiger, 1995). For patients that undergo CPR and achieve ROSC, their coagulation/anticoagulation and fibrinolysis/antifibrinolsis systems are activated. Anticoagulant factors such as antithrombin, protein S and protein C are decreased and this decrease is associated with transient increases in endogenous activated protein C after resuscitation (Adrie,2005). The stress of total-body oxygen debt also affects adrenal production and function. Although patients have increased plasma cortisol levels they have a relative adrenal insufficiency defined as failure to respond to corticotrophin. This failure to respond causes the adrenal cortex to not be stimulated to secrete the hormones necessary to respond to stress.

Took off his wet clothes: if the patients have wet clothes, should be off or cut off. Pay attention to the action in the process of strip gently. Covered with a blanket or clothing: patients with cover to keep warm, pay attention to the head when leakage only face. Don't let the noise of patients to sleep on the cold ground, cold ground will keep heat loss. Use your body to help him to keep warm, take off clothes, direct skin contact is best; Pay attention to use a blanket or clothing to cover each other. People with severe hypothermia may appear heart, breathing a cardiac arrest. If found patients stop breathing or very weak, is about to stop when, should start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). If the patient is awake, but also can swallow, can give him to drink some warm sugar water. Pay attention to cannot drink and drink coffee. If conditions permit, can use hot water bag some warm water, increase the patient's temperature. But be sure to pay attention to, can only use hot water bag to the head and neck, chest, abdomen, heating, cannot to limbs heating. To limbs heating can make cold blood flowing to the heart, brain, the body core temperature drops, and even

Hemostasis is the process that maintains the integrity of a closed circulatory system after vascular damage. Vessel wall injury and the extravasation of blood from the circulation rapidly initiate events in the vessel wall and in the blood that seal the breach. Circulating platelets are recruited to the site of injury, where they become a major component of the developing thrombus; blood coagulation is initiated by endothelium-expressed tissue factor and leads to the generation of thrombin and fibrin. Under normal conditions, regulatory mechanisms restrain thrombus formation both temporally and

If a patient experiences fever after or during having a blood transfusion, it could be caused by the blood transfusion itself or the patient has an illness, which is causing the fever. It is not uncommon for a patient undergoing a blood transfusion to experience a fever due to febrile non-hemolytic reaction (FNHTR) caused by the effect of many different pathogens. Patients whose antibodies react with a donor’s white blood cells present febrile non-hemolytic reactions as well. This is not an uncommon medical situation and has been studied for a long time already. Some scientific studies have shown that certain type of thalassemic patients often get a fever when they get a blood transfusion due to their antibodies working against HLA. As the donor’s white blood cells are destroyed, cytokines are released causing inflammation. Other scientific studies have also shown that these cytokines, once they enter the circulatory system, have the potential to cause a fever. Fever and hypotension can also be caused by the bacterial contamination of the unit used to carry out the blood transfusion. In severe lung injuries, respiratory symptoms often mask the presence of a fever, which is very common during these cases.

Physiology is the study of how body of living things function. There are many issues in this topic but the issue of blood clotting is a unique area of study. Blood clotting is also known as blood coagulation and it has two definitions which vary because of its occurrences. Blood clotting is first defined as natural sealing of an injured part of the body by blood for the purpose of preventing blood loss. The second meaning of blood is concentration of blood in one part of the body like in lungs or veins. Many researchers and physician concentrate more on veins clotting (inner clotting) of blood because it is a threat to lives of many people. However, the paper will explore the two types of blood clotting and come up with a conclusion on how the two types of blood clotting occur and how they are threat to human life. The general objective of the paper is to research on the whole concept of physiology blood clotting in human beings.