The impact of the Bretton Wood Institutions on Human Development in Sub-Saharan Africa

The World Bank advances loans to member countries primarily to help them lay down the foundation of sound economic growth. The loans made by the Bank either directly or through guarantees are intended for certain specific projects of reconstruction and development in the member countries.

Chatterjee (2008) points out that the cheap rice imported from the USA caused Haitian national rice production to plummet. Because of advanced agricultural technology, American rice has many advantages such as lower price and higher nutrition. Large quantities food imports from the US

Underfunding of public schools in the United States is only hurting our future. There is a disparity of funding by our state governments to different cities. Budget cuts have made it hard for many schools to effectively educate our students. Classrooms have become overcrowded due to a higher student to teacher ratio. We are spending less on each individual student per year in lower income areas denying opportunities to children who are born there. Education is the foundation of our lives, increasing the funding of our school systems is an investment in the future of America.

For example Philadelphia school districts spend about $11,078 per student while Lower Merion spends $21,399 per student. That is more than $10,000 a student that Lower Merion can spend for a student then Philadelphia. Who is to say that Philadelphia students need that extra ten thousand dollars a year for school supplies since many Lower Merion students come from wealthier families (Philadelphia Inquirer 2007). Since there is limited funding in Philadelphia it has been shown that children who live in poverty the first five years of their lives have an IQ deficiency regardless of the family structure (Eitzen 210). Which sets back a child even before starting kindergarten and most likely will keep them behind their peers. Since many people who are living in poverty have inferior education their market in the job force is limited compared to those who have better education. Many poor students are six times more likely to drop out of high school compared to affluent counterparts (Eitzen 209), which leaves them with limited job opportunities especially in today’s job market. Many of the poor are single mothers and they need to have a job that allows their child to go to daycare, school or a relative so they are limited to the hour selection they can work usually having

One of the purposes for the creation of the World Bank and the IMF was to ensure that financial markets throughout the world are stable, which would be beneficial to the global economy and possibly prevent a global economic depression. However, there are not always positive outcomes for local economies of the countries that are part of these International Financial Institutions (IFI). Haiti was one of these countries that was impacted by the guidelines set in place by these institutions.

In The Gambia, the government received foreign aid to develop rice projects for the purpose to increase food security from 1966 to 1984 (Carney, 2008). It is important to note that this period from 1966 to 1984 is a period that evolved from the Second World War. As a result, the justification for aid and development was to uplift nations from poverty. Furthermore, development was justified as a moral obligation and as something that advances national interest (Eyoh, 2015). However, development for the strict purpose of morality or poverty has unintended consequences. According to Carney, the Gambian government utilized 25,000 hectares of land to facilitate food aid for rice production. Today, only 10 percent of the initial irrigated land for food aid and food security purposes remains in production by farmers (Carney, 2008). As these operations emerged, different labour arrangements (human, mechanical and political) needed to develop in unison. Before the processes were complete, changes in policy favoured the importation of rice instead of local production (Carney,

This money comes out of the schools funding and in turn causes cutbacks on extracurricular activities, fine arts and science programs and even takes funding away from academic support for students in ESOL and ESE classes. The stifling increase in testing leads to a higher financial deficit for schools all across the United States.

The first way that increasing government education funds will help American school systems is, that it will help students later on in life. One study, written by Kirabo Jackson, Rucker Johnson, and Claudia Persico, showed that tests on low-income districts found that increasing school spending steadily by 10 percent over a course of twelve years helped lower adult poverty, increase graduation rates, and cause students to have a 10% increase in adult earnings later in life. This study shows that increasing education spending does not have to be billions of dollars in order to make a difference and improve student lives. Increasing spending

To begin with is Budget Cuts. Clearly when an economy ends up plainly feeble, focal government cuts the financial plan for states thus the state government cuts the optional spending first. This routinely joins money for preparing and supplemental educational tasks. Exactly when a state cuts guideline spending designs, it realizes bring down teacher pay rates, lessened contracts, and upkeep. Financing for various enlightening tasks that favorable position understudies and the gathering are in like manner uncommonly diminished which prompts an insufficiently showed understudy

In an effort to bring an end to world poverty the World Bank and IMF (International Monetary Fund) were established in 1944. Consisting of members from 44 nations “The Bank and the IMF are twin intergovernmental pillars supporting the structure of the world's economic and financial order”(Driscoll, 1996). In other words they are international economic organizations that grant loans to third world countries for development programs.

“We can't cut our way through excellents”Any group that requires fundings also require attention to their issues. In other words, it’s not just about the funding, but also about giving extra help. If they need help being funded then they also may need help with other raising their group. Schools are an example of needing help. In some areas of the world children do not have the chance to go to school. In the united states several kids have the opportunities to go to school. However, some schools have had to shut down. Other schools have had to cut down on some budgets. This phenomenon of funding schools is the result of the problem of bad economic especially in the state of Arizona.

4. Trade, gold, and salt -Ghana is a city located in West Africa. Ghana has salt on the north side and has gold on the north. People from the gold side wanted salt, and people from the salt side wanted gold. They would travel on camel and trade with the others soon they traded more than just gold. They traded spices, silk,

Thousand of years ago, between the 9th and 11th centuries, Ghana took pride on being one of the richest areas in Africa. Geographically, they were literally sitting on a gold mine. The dogs wore gold collars, horses had silk bridles, and Ghana’s kings were easily some of the richest in the world. This medieval Ghana was located about 500 miles north of present day Ghana, and was referred to as the Gold Coast for obvious reasons. Far more advanced than any country in its time, Ghana was a trading hotspot with a powerful king and economy.

According to Evenson the top three threats are, “increase in competition in the international market; the growing competition with other economic activities that increases the cost of production, especially the labor cost; and degradation of ecological conditions. Rice production around the world has become more competitive. This makes it harder for Thailand to keep its competitive advantage with its Jasmine rice. As for the modernization of the nation, it has lead to an increase cost of labor. This makes it more expensive for rice farmers that used to use cheap manual labor. Finally the massive amount of land used for the production of rice may have long term negative affects on the yields of the land. (Evenson)

Growing up in the public education system there are things that are noticed as you go through the system. The government places value in children receiving education and continue into higher education but, through my own experience there wasn’t the right focus nor the funds to reflect this value. I only attended public schools as my family made very little in terms of money but, there was something in common with all my schools and classes; there was a lot of students and not enough teachers. This poses a problem; as the student population grows there should be more teachers to compensate but, due to the way that funds are distributed to schools there are difficulties in just keeping the school running the way it is now. This funding problem leads to a variety of obstacles; placing a burden on the school management to meet the federal standard, affecting how teaching is done and making it difficult for students to receive a well rounded education.