Theoretical Framework For Nursing Practice

Peplau defines nursing as the therapeutic interpersonal, serial, goal- oriented process. A health-focused human relationship( Meleis, p 165, 2012)

Theory development stems from personal experiences, intuition, and knowledge of the theorist (Burns et al., 2013). When a scholar develops a theory, it has to be tested through research. The findings of the study are then presented to experts in the area of academics and the field of practice (Burns et al., 2013). The presentation of the findings allows experts to provide constructive criticism, highlight the pros and cons of the theory, and acknowledge whether or not the theory can be accepted as a guide to practice. This theory evaluation paper will give the reader a theory description, theory analysis, and an assessment of Dorothea Orem’s self-care deficit theory of nursing (Alligood et al., 2010).

Not all patients are capable of independently identifying and articulate their care needs, so the nurse also adapts the role as an advocate. Clarity and continuity in a trusting environment enables good communication. Progressive identification of needs takes place as nurse and patient communicate with one another in the interpersonal relationship (Peplau 1988, p. 84). Being considerate to the needs and vulnerability of patients is a moral attribute, as nurses are accountable for the care they deliver.

Hildegard Peplau’s middle-range theory, Interpersonal Relations, established in 1948 and highlighted the nurse-patient relationship as the groundwork of nursing practice. Peplau supports each role individually, the nurse and the patient, by ensuring that equal participation is implemented to reach a mutual goal. For example, the role of the patient reflects vulnerability and the expectation to be open to the health care providers throughout care and treatment plan. Subsequently, the nurse is supposed to facilitate a reciprocated relationship by noting the client’s behavior, defining the client’s illness, creating the most proper care for the client, understanding the physician’s treatment plan and confirming it, and intervening when required (Sue Penckofer, 2013).

Theory±practice relationship only will be offered here. The content of nurse practitioners ' discourse is the principal concern of this paper.

King’s Theory of Goal Attainment was proposed in the 1960s and published in 1981. It was derived from her conceptual system which presented in 1968, and incorporates the concept of self, perception, growth, development, time, interaction, communication, role, and coping. The Theory of Goal Attainment is a practice methodology based on the nurse and patient setting goals together, and the nurse assisting the patient to meet these goals they set for their health (Caceres, 2015). These interactions between the nurse and patient are the process in which the professional relationship develops, mutual goals are set, and actions are planned to achieve these goals. It is an interaction-transaction process and is based on the nursing

In her theory of deliberative nursing process, she describes the interaction between nurse and patient. Communication between nurse and patient is described in three concepts: the ‘Patient Behavior’, the ‘Nurse’s Reaction,’ and the ‘Nurse’s Activity’ (Sheldon & Ellington, 2008). The patient sends a cue in the form of behavior (Patient Behavior) and the nurse responds to the behavior (Nurse’s Reaction). ‘Nurse’s Activity’ is categorized into two stages: non-observable and observable. The nurse’s thoughts, perceptions, or feelings related to behavior are non-observable and the final action or response to the ‘Patient Behavior’ is observable (Sheldon & Ellington, 2008). Orlando labels ‘Nurse Activity’ as automatic or deliberative, allowing the nurse to identify the patient’s needs and then help the patient (Sheldon & Ellington, 2008). In patient care, this theory asks nurses to identify their perceptions, feelings, and thoughts as a basis for nursing actions. Orlando then takes it a step further by advocating that the nurse explore their assumptions with the patient to identify

One of the expected outcomes by the application of this theory would be “linking client-nurse interactive phenomena with client outcomes” (Byrd, 2006, p. 271). During this research Dr

A nurse-patient relationship is the basic requirements in all practice settings. Its usage is to manage communication between an organization and a public while maintaining boundaries in the therapeutic relationship. Based on Peplau’s interpersonal theory, communication takes place in a nurse-client relationship where therapeutic process occurs involving complex factors such as environment, attitudes, practices, and beliefs in the dominant culture (seu.edu, 2015). The actions of each person in a nurse-patient relationship is measured on the collaboration of their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Nurse’s work to attain, maintain, and restore the patient’s health until patient have fulfilled the health care needs. Patient must be guided and provided a well-respected environment until a better health and specific needs are fully considered in the relationship. In this kind of setting, nurse’s must create relationship with patients by communicating receptivity, assimilating the concepts of empathy, trust, genuineness, respect, and confidentiality into their interactions.

By giving nurses a sense of identity, nursing theory can help patients, managers and other healthcare professionals to recognize the unique contribution that nurses make to the healthcare service (Draper 1990).Hildegard Peplau, one of the role model of nursing theorist, established a theory of interpersonal relationships in nursing. Her reason is the goal of the nurse-client relationship is to give a quality nursing care moving forward to health promotion and maintenance. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a basic assessment of her theory.

Comparison and Analysis of Peplau's and Orlando's theories Peplau's and Orlando's theory each discusses the interaction between the patient and the nurse. Both theories consist of processes in which the ultimate goal is to satisfy the needs of the patient. Orlando's theory focuses on the immediate needs of patient on a certain time and place. The nurse perceives this need, validates them with the patient, and together formulates a plan to resolve the need/s (George, 2011). Peplau approaches this with the diverse background and individual uniqueness by both the nurse and the patient in mind (George, 2011, p. 65). She believes that each therapeutic encounter of the nurse-as-a-person and the patient-as-a-person has significant impact on the patient's quality of nursing care (George, 2011, p. 66). Orlando resolves this need through sharing her own reactions to the patient to ascertain and correctly identify the problem, and employ a well thought of plan of action based on research and training (George, 2011,

As a nurse it is your responsibility to give the client enough information without causing confusion. If the information is insufficient, the client may possibly make inadequate decisions and put their own life or health status at risk. [NCNZ] (2012a). Each client’s independence, views and preferences should be valued at the same time. Nurses must be always aware of the inherent power imbalance between themselves and clients and should be working in partnership with them to provide relevant information to help the client in making decisions.

“The basic concept of the theory is that the nurse and patient communicate information, set goals together, and then take actions to achieve those goals. It describes an interpersonal relationship that allows a person to grow and develop in order to attain certain life goals. The factors that affect the attainment of goals are roles, stress, space, and time” (Nursing Theory, 2011).   King desired to advance the profession of nursing by developing a framework and theory that can be understood and used by all nurses, in any situation. She not only developed the theory but she always remained active in the profession and availed herself to nursing students around the clock to aid with their knowledge and application of the theory right up until her sudden death in 2007.

Within nursing, there is a very delicate balance between a nurse and her patient that must be maintained if the patient is to receive the care that he or she is entitled to receive. The patient must feel comfortable trusting his nurse to hear his needs and respond to them appropriately and in order for this to be the case, the nurse must first provide therapeutic communication effective enough to elicit such a response in her patient. There are both verbal and non-verbal components within the nurse-patient relationship. These components greatly influence how a nurse and patient will relate to each other and, ultimately, greatly influence the care that the patient receives.

A. What are the 5 types of concepts and its characteristics? Give an example of each type.