Theoretical Perspectives and Research

Resistance is an inevitable response to any change. People naturally rush to defend the status quo if they feel their security or status is threatened. Change is unnerving to most people even positive change. If mangers do not understand, accept and make an effort to work with resistance, it can undermine even the best intentioned and otherwise well conceived changes. There is no one strategy for dealing with resistance.

There are eight theoretical perspectives in contemporary psychology. Any topic in psychology has many approaches that have a variety of perspectives for each that is given. Starting with the biological perspective, it is noted that physiology has played a major role in psychology. The organ systems such as the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics are greatly emphasized in studying physical bases of human and animal behavior. Neuroscience more specifically studies the nervous system, particularly the brain. The next theoretical perspective is the cognitive perspective, which is a relatively modern approach. It focuses on the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language,

The social experiences of three four-year-old young children with developmental disabilities present the main focus of the paper. Due to the shift to the social model of disability, the research perspective has changed from determining pathology to discovering ways to improve people’s lives. Childhood has also been viewed differently, emphasizing children as free agents. However, children with developmental disabilities have been largely missed out both by changes. Childhood is a social construct, with children having unique perspective on their lives. (Nind, Flewitt, & Payler, 2010 )

Theoretical Perspectives are different ways people can view reality and it helps families understand why family practices and patterns are the way they are. The eight family perspectives are family ecology, family development, structure-functionalism, the interactionist perspective, exchange theory, family systems theory, conflict and feminist theory, and biosocial perspectives. The family may cause its members to be involved in arguments and other forms of conflict so these theoretical perspectives make it easier to understand and process the information in each of the eight perspectives. Family ecology is a perspective that explores how a family influences and also is influenced by the surrounding environment. This theoretical perspective

A treatment protocol for 300.01 (F41.0) Panic Disorder and 301.6 (F60.7) Dependent Personality Disorder is cognitive behavioral therapy. It may benefit the client to change and challenge her thinking, which could improve her emotional and mental health by achieving peace (reducing her panic disorder symptoms) and increasing her independence. Deb's panic disorder symptoms (excessive trembling, shaking, shortness of breath, chest pain and dizziness) and her dependent personality symptoms (having trouble making decisions, has difficulty expressing disagreement with others, fears of being left alone and how she urgently seeks another relationship) make her a good candidate for cognitive behavioral therapy.

Which theoretical perspective, that guides the nursing process with assessment of the family, do you find to be the most helpful and effective? Why is this theory more appealing to you than the others?

I believe nurses learn both my observation and experience. As a preceptor, I do not throw a nurse to the sharks. If the nurse has never done something before, I let the new nurse observe me and explain each step as I do it. The next time a similar situation appears, I ask the new nurse to do it his/herself. If I see a variation in how I did the same task and it does not harm the patient; I feel the nurse has established their own way of doing things and is feeling more comfortable in that particular task. If the situation presents itself, I ask the new nurse to teach another nurse how to perform the task. I also explain to my nurses that the textbook shows you the perfect world, but in real life we never get quite that scenario. I explain we have to alter our actions to perform interventions and do what is best for the patient. An example, I often share, is that in an ideal world, when inserting a tracheostomy tube, we have a prepped sterile field. However, there are times the airway is needed in such a hurry; we have to think about providing an airway first and dealing with the infection later.

The organization must implement specific strategies to identify and resolve resistance to change. O Connor (1993) stated "In an organization, resistance is opposition or witholding of support for specific plans or ideas. It can either be intentional or unintentional, covert or overt" (p. 30). Employees will likely consider how change affects them personally and that may naturally cause some resistance. One of the most important things an organization can do to minimize resistance is to address these personal concerns. It is also important to identify any potential loss or gain that comes from implementing, or not implementing, the change initiative. Leaders

In conclusion, the link between power and control is timeless and can be seen on countless occasions. Corporations in the modern world display this most of the time. They attempt to move up in the world by taking advantage of this system. This is true for almost all power holders even if the goal is different. In “Estranged Labour”, Karl Marx proves even more how power holders can take advantage of the proletariats, while the bourgeoisie get all the more powerful. As the cycle continues throughout time, there will always be the one suffering, as well as the one sitting in the throne of their absolute

267). An example would be the Japanese work-culture, they are powered by pressures from an intensively competitive economy and their organisational culture such as workplace efficiency and diligence thus resulting in a huge number of workers perpetually working overtime, causing an imbalance in their work life. In this case, workers are incapable to escape the hegemonies that are powerful, namely the management staff in the organisation.

In these instances, change is seen as evil and not "healthy". Change is not looked on as a positive opportunity and thus is rejected by the individuals in a company, which may result in incohesiveness within the organization and eventual collapse. Personal instances of resistance like those stated above often hold companies back because of their conservative views as they often result from lack of individual confidence in oneself to be creative. Stemming from personal instances of resistances is the occurrence of group resistance to change. Sources of group resistance to change include: Conformity to Norms (Inertia), Vested Interests, Sacrosanct, Rejection of Outsiders, Overdetermination, and threatened power. Vested Interests is probably the most interesting source of resistance because how can interest in being the best be a resistance? Vested Interests can be a resistance because it often promotes conformity to norms, as workers are less likely to contribute their ideas to the advancement of innovation and as a result the company suffers as past new ideas become old, and new ideas are needed to survive in the ubercompetitive business world today. Rejection of Outsiders can be looked on as positive or negative, but more negatively, thus placing it as a resistance to change. Rejection of Outsiders might cause more cohesion within a group to rely on each

Technical resistance is caused when employees are concerned about the capital that was invested in the technology and equipment that is currently being used. There is also cultural resistance that is difficult for employees to change values, norms, and procedures that are supported by the current culture within the organization. The final type of resistance is political resistance. This happens when decisions made in the past are now being questioned which can cause certain stakeholders to feel threatened (Van Dijk, & Van Dick, 2009).

While these views describe the requirements to build effective structures, critical discourse will point out the irrationality of these beliefs by revealing how the yet overpowering efficiency and effectiveness is sacrificed to safeguard the privileges of the powerful. According to critical discourse there are fundamental structural differences in terms of access to power in which politics is an inevitable reaction to the unfair distribution of resources in organizations. Organizational politics is not just a matter of self-interest, but also a struggle between opposing class interests in existing elitist power structures. Critical discourse examines the ways in which specific groups strive to make social constructions that operate in their own interests appear natural and so uncontestable (Davey,

Deskilling is the process of labour division and development of technology which has led to the decline of an individual’s scope to work specialized or general tasks. It is through new forms of science and technology which are able to serve as capital. This has come about due to capitalism and it has caused individuals

The Critical Theory of Communication Approach to organizations is one that has been contested by notable theorists such as Marx, Deetz, Hegel and Weber. Miller (2014) states “it would be impossible to provide a thorough review of the various strands of critical theory” (p.101). However, it is agreed that power is the most important concept for the critical theorist. It is a social theory that aims to critique, and change society as a whole. There is a liberation aspect, freeing human beings from situations and circumstances that encapsulate them. Under the Critical Approach, multinational corporations can be the dominant force within society. In most cases, Citizens are oppressed by these corporations, which diminish their quality of life and well-being. Many theorists have scrutinized and taken aim at corporate structure, questioning prosperity in terms of communication. Due to the fact that corporations, in many instances, have become political institutions, their ways of communicating can distort decision making. The critical approach examines how the organization can become more democratic and increase productivity through communication reformation. With the focus of the theory lying heavily within power, there are three key approaches: the traditional approach, symbological approach, and radical-critical approach (Miller, 2014). The traditional approach focuses on the stability of power, which lies with the group and its people. The symbological approach