Theories of Development

Developmental theories are propositions that view crimes, holding the perception that as people undergo life transitions, their experiences influence their behavioral characteristics and patterns. These inevitable behavioral characteristics do change at different points of life. They are also used to seek out the identification, description and comprehension of the factors explaining the inception and continuation of criminal professions. The theories also seem to find the assertion behind the why people engage in criminal and the reason behind their ability in altering the trajectory of their progress in criminal involvement. These theories are distinctively categorized in two broad categories that are contextualized in this paper, the latent trait and life course theories.

From the day they are born, children are immersed in a social world. Rapid learning takes place and is supported not only by parents, siblings, teachers and friends but also the important values and beliefs within their culture. All of this provides the foundations for cognitive development. As trainee teachers, it is fundamental that we have a deeper understanding of how children learn and how we can support learning. In order to do this we must first look at some of the theories of learning.

B) our ability to modify our behavior based on the prospect of rewards or punishment.

Piaget and Vygotsky both believed that young children actively learn from their hands-on, day-to-day experiences. Jean Piaget portrayed children as "little scientists" who go about actively constructing their understanding of the world. His theories hold the essence of developmentally appropriate curriculum since Piaget believed that children undergo cognitive development in a stage-based manner, such that a very young child would not think about things the same way that an adult might. He referred to the knowledge and the manner in which the knowledge is gained as a schema. In order to build on the cognitive stages that children experience, informal learning opportunities, formal instructional sessions, and the utilized curriculum must all dovetail with a child's current cognitive stage so that assimilation of the new knowledge may occur. Working with what the child knows and experiences, parents and teachers create bridges to the next cognitive stage that are characterized by the child's accommodation. Piaget argued that optimal learning took place in this manner and that adults should avoid thinking that they can accelerate a child's development through the age-based, maturity-referenced stages. This is because a child works toward establishing an equilibrium between the assimilation and application of new knowledge and changing their behavior to accommodate their newly adopted schemas.

Doherty and Hughes (2009, p. 309) initially introduced Albert Bandura’s social learning theory which was an extension from behaviourism. Bandura incorporates traditional learning theories such as operant conditioning, which was initially proposed by the likes of Skinner and Thorndike. This theory further emphasises that behaviours also can be learnt through the use of the environment, observation, role modelling and peers.

Bandura 's theory is based on social learning. He emphasises the importance of observing and modelling the behavior, attitudes and emotional reaction from others. Children from large families or children who attend day care may do this a lot, they will always be observing other children or their siblings behavior, attitude or emotional reactions even if they don’t intend to. ". In society, children are surrounded by many influential models, such as parents within the family, characters on children’s TV, friends within their peer group and teachers at school. Theses models provide examples of behavior to observe and imitate, e.g. masculine and feminine, pro and anti-social etc. http://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html, accessed

Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory suggest that children learn through the interactions that they have with the world.

The concepts and theories of human development are important for a school counselor to have knowledge on. Knowledge on these topics can aid the counselor in better understanding the circumstances of their students. There are three main developmental sections which will be discussed in this paper. Those three include physical development, cognitive development, and social development. Each section contains multiple theories and concepts that would be beneficial to school counselors but this paper will only discuss six of those. Those six include gross and fine motor skills, Jean Piaget’s stages of development, information processing theory, Erik Erickson’s stages of

Samuel and Bryant argue that Piaget 's theory of cognitive development places too much emphasis on maturational factors. Using a cognitive approach they believe that children learn new strategies and skills. Samuel and Bryant also criticise Piaget for emphasising how children learn as individuals. Samuel and Bryant argue that children do not learn in isolation and that they learn far more readily and efficiently when they are working together than when they are alone.

Jean Piaget, was the first psychologist to do an in-depth study of cognitive development (McLeod, 2007). Piaget?s theory was focused on the cognitive development of children doing different stages of their lives. Piaget?s theory was that children could learn by themselves simply meaning that

Piaget believed that for a child to be able to learn it was not enough for them to be taught over and over again but rather that they had to be a certain stage of development before they would be able to learn new ideas and concepts.

Three different theorists were considered in this assignment. Two children were used to explore the theories of development by Piaget, Vygotsky and Kohlberg.

Jean Piagets theory’s are model base for schools today teachers are encouraged to not push the child to far beyond their abilities but yet to give them the experience to see, learn in a safe environment where they are able to make mistakes and learn from them. This is called ‘learning through experience’

Briefly discuss the theories of child development and evaluate three different methods for teaching ESL with regard to how well they fit the theories

Bandura 's Social Learning Theory has been used to understand the behavior of children in a social setting. For example, a new student who observes how his/her peers behave