Portfolio Balance Theory

Page 3: Introduction to the Financial System Page 7: Commercial Banks Page 12: The Share Market and the Corporation Page 15: Corporations Issuing Equity into the Share Market Page 19: Investors in the Share Market Page 24: Short-term Debt Page 28: Medium- to Long-term Debt Page 32: Interest Rate Determination and Forecasting Page 37: The Foreign Exchange Market Page 40: Factors that Influence the Exchange Rate Page 42: Futures Contracts and Forward Rate Agreements Page 47: Options

The exchange rates risk that is associated with economic, transaction, and translation exposure in Indian market. From the analysis, anticipate the fluctuations that seem to occur in the next 24 months

Before we look at these forces, we should sketch out how exchange rate movements affect a nation 's trading relationships with other nations. A higher currency makes a country 's exports more expensive and imports cheaper in foreign markets; a lower currency makes a country 's exports cheaper and its imports more expensive in foreign markets. A higher exchange rate can be expected to lower the country 's balance of trade, while a lower exchange rate would increase it.

Currency exchange rates can be categorised as floating, in which case they constantly change based on a number of factors, or they can subsequently be fixed to another currency, where they still float, but they additionally move in conjunction with the currency to which they are pegged. Floating rates are a reflection of market movement, demonstrating the principles of both demand and supply, as well as limit imbalances in the international financial system. Fixed exchange rates are predominantly used by developing countries as they are preferred for their greater stability. They grant further control to central banks to set currency values, and are often used to evade market abuse. (MacEachern, A. 2008; Simmons, P.

Because Australia has a floating exchange rate, the currency’s value is left to be determined by the market forces of international demand and supply. There is no specific measure of exchange rate volatility. Economists instead refer to movements in Australia’s bilateral exchange rate or movements in Australia’s TWI to demonstrate exchange rate volatility. Since floating in 1983, Australia’s exchange rate has been remarkably volatile. This has been seen especially in the past six to seven years, where the Australian dollar has appreciated substantially against the US dollar, from record lows in August 2001 of US48 cents

2) Interest rate parity (how exchange rate is determined by the flows of capital) and

The second and chief objective is to assess the impact of the crisis on the foreign exchange and stock markets. The report answers why the crisis adversely affected the Latin American market indices while the US market indices continued to rise.

This paper aims to compare the Japanese Yen against the US Dollar over a five year period starting from 2005 till 2010. The exchange traded fund for Japanese Yen shall also be discussed in the paper and afterwards an analysis of both the currencies shall be presented. There are different factors that influence the exchange rate differences between any two chosen currencies. The effects produced by these different exchange rates can be of quite different intensity. The most common elements that have an impact on exchange rate difference include economic factors, socio political factors and other behavioral or technical factors also. The macroeconomic factors such as growth of a country, employment rate, gross domestic product etc. All

dollar. Changes in U.S. interest rates and the dollar are tied to several economic indicators domestically and around the world including; the credit market, commodities, stocks and investment opportunities.

Stanek, M. B. (2002). A review of exchange rate policies and their effect upon nations and

Official interest rate changes will also influence asset prices. For example, bond prices are inversely influenced by long-term interest rates. Finally, the official interest rate will also affect the exchange rate which the paper defines as “the relative price of domestic and foreign money” (George et. al, n.d.). When the official interest rate rises, domestic currency (the GBP) will see appreciation making investors want to invest in pounds. Another key point is that with changes in the exchange rate, there will also be a change in the value of domestic and foreign exports and imports. Finally, a change in the official interest rate can also affect people’s expectations and confidence in the economy. For example, some may believe that an increase in interest rates is a signal that the MPC thinks that the economy is expanding thus making further growth likely or, a contradictory interpretation may be that the MPC thinks that the MPC may need to slow growth in order to control inflation (George, n.d).

The foreign exchange rates are influenced by supply and demand of currency. When companies purchase services and products from other countries, they need to convert their money into the currency from the country they bought the product or service from. The value of the money is the exchange rate. When there is a demand

If a country follows a fixed exchange rate regime, what macroeconomic variables could cause the fixed exchange rate to be devalued?

There has been a long standing controversy among the economist about the validity of PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) in the long run. The parity reveals that prices in two different economies should be identical to each other when they expressed in terms of the same currency. It is a central building block in the monetary models of exchange rate determination. One of the most common practices, to test the validity of PPP is through unit root test of real exchange rate. In this paper unit root test has been done based on the data on Bangladesh and its major trading partner India, to see whether exchange rate has unit root or not. It has been found out that the PPP holds i.e. real exchange is not trend stationary in the

Current spot rates………………………………….… Purchasing power parity forecasts…………….…… International Fisher forecasts………………………. Implied real interest rates…………………………… Forecasting with real interest rates………….…….. Forward rates………………………………….……… Real economic activity and misery………….……… Balance of payments approach……………….……. Current