Theories on How Children Develop and Learn

Developmental theories are propositions that view crimes, holding the perception that as people undergo life transitions, their experiences influence their behavioral characteristics and patterns. These inevitable behavioral characteristics do change at different points of life. They are also used to seek out the identification, description and comprehension of the factors explaining the inception and continuation of criminal professions. The theories also seem to find the assertion behind the why people engage in criminal and the reason behind their ability in altering the trajectory of their progress in criminal involvement. These theories are distinctively categorized in two broad categories that are contextualized in this paper, the latent trait and life course theories.

Maslow believed that everyone has fundamental needs that must be met in order for each person to reach their full potential. These needs include warmth, food and shelter as well as demonstrations of love and having their confidence and self-esteem boosted.

Maslow’s theory of motivation is called the “hierarchy of needs”. Maslow believes that people have five main needs in the following order of importance;

The concept of belonging is a fundamental human need, That is, According to Abraham Maslow.

With these few thoughts in mind Abraham Maslow made up a hierarchy of needs. (Boeree, Page 2) The hierarchy of needs has five levels: the bottom one is Physiological Needs, the next one up is Safety needs, the next one is Belonging needs, the next one is Esteem Needs and finally the last one is Self-actualization needs. As Maslow thought he “saw human beings needs arranged like a ladder”, the most basic needs at the bottom and at the top the need to fulfill yourself. (pbs.org, Page 1) Below is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

* The need for self actualisation is the pinnacle of human needs according to Maslow. To reach the point where these needs are met, one needs not only to have met the previous four, but needs to have mastered them as

There is a plethora of child development theories that have a degree of influence over current practice. Each of which both have criticism and contrasting theories.

Needs for Esteem-When the first three classes of needs are satisfied, the needs for esteem can become dominant. These involve needs for both self-esteem and for the esteem a person gets from others. Humans have a need for a stable, firmly based, high level of self-respect, and respect from others. When these needs are satisfied, the person feels self-confident and valuable as a person in the world. When these needs are frustrated, the person feels inferior, weak, helpless and worthless.

The social learning theory suggests that people learn new behaviors through observation of factors in their environment, by taking note of other’s

How children learn is very important in child care and in understanding how a child is to development. As children who are deprived of stimulation in early years develop slower, this statement opens up a massive debate which has been unanswered for years, the nature v nurture debate. There are 3 models of learning that cover all this debate and strive to be the correct theory they are the transmission model, the laissez-faire model and the constructivist view.

Jean Piaget is best known for his theory that suggested children think differently than adults. His theory proposed that children’s cognitive development developed in

Learning is a flexible change in behavior or knowledge as you experience something new (Bernstein, 2014, p.170). Amy Sutherland, a journalist, was writing about a school for exotic animal trainers when she came across a distinct revelation. She discovered that behaviors, human or animal, can be modified by positive reinforcement. Furthermore, in class we discussed that should you provide a reinforcement, it must be continuous, but also intermittent. This creates the question as to why “it’s never the animal’s fault” and what other behaviors can be systematically shaped.

Learning is a never ending process that all living species must go through during their time on earth. Robbins and Judge (2009) define learning as “a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience” (p. 55). The way in which are behavior is acquired is explained defined by three theories which are classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning. I will focus on the latter two for this discussion.

According to Maslow 's theory, if you want be on the path of true self-actualization, you need to take care of your BASIC needs first. That is, if you 're hungry, you need to get food. If you feel unsafe, you constantly have to be vigilant and on

Different theorists have different ideas about the development of children. Two of these include Urie Brofenbrenner and Mason Durie. The western theorist, Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005) was born in Russia however was relocated to the United States in his early years, where his father worked as a clinical pathologist. This is likely to have impacted on Bronfenbrenners future career path of psychology (Moffitt, n.d.). Bronfenbrenner explores the ideas around ecological theory. A Maori perspective is Durie, born in New Zealand in 1938. He studied medicine and surgery at University of Otago, and continued on to do a postgraduate diploma in psychiatry (Massey University, 2010). Durie explores ideas around Maori wellbeing. Both of these theorists have implications on teaching.