Theory Of A Violation Is Consistent With One 's Initial Physiological Response

Nonverbal cues are a major part of expectancy violations theory (West & Turner, 2014). EVT suggests that people hold expectations of how people should act or respond to certain situations (Burgoon et al., 2016; Chiles & Roloff, 2014; Dickter & Gyurovski, 2012; Frisby & Sidelinger, 2013; Houser, 2005; Johnson, 2012; Lannutti & Camero, 2007; McAuliff, Lapin, & Michel, 2015; Meltzer & McNulty, 2011; Miller-Ott & Kelly, 2015; Sidelinger & Bolen, 2015; Walther-Martin, 2015). Also, scholars believe that these preconceived notions are learned (Burgoon et al., 2016; West & Turner, 2014; Walther-Martin,

Petty, Rucker, Blitzer & Cacioppo, (2004) stated, “…ELM is a theory about the processes underlying changes in attitudes, the variable that induce these processes, and the strength of the judgments resulting from these processes” (p.67). There are two main processes that individuals can process message through either the central or peripheral route. However, it is important to note that individuals tend to fall along a continuum concerning their elaboration. The central and peripheral route and their effects will be discussed further and in detail later in the paper.

The participants for this study were recruited from a Spring 2013 Experimental Psychology Undergraduate Course at Queens College, City University of New York. The research study was IRB approved and the participants for this study were not compensated. However, by remaining in the course, the students gave consent to participate in all studies. There were a total of 22 participants, 20 being females and two males. The participants consisted of 21 right-handed individuals and one left-handed. The mean age was 21.09 years, and the standard deviation for age was 1.02.

Human beings have a biological instinct to resist unusual. Our behaviors are influence through certainty. Not only do we learn through certainty, more significantly we are able to predict its outcome. However there are times when we just don't know why things happen or what to do after it has happened. The focus of this research is to illustrate that people react negatively to events that are uncertain because an outcome cannot be predicted.

This study was an extension of Stanley Milgram’s experiment of obedience to authority, known as the shock experiment. This study presented that when giving an order by someone who has authority, people would deliver what they would have assumed to be extreme levels of electrical shock to other participants who responded incorrectly to a question.

The basic principles of REBT have been in place for centuries. Human beings are prone to irrational thinking but are also able to apply rational thinking to resolve their disturbances. Almost all psychotherapists work to facilitate this; cognitive-persuasive methods have yielded good results. Ellis puts emphasis on the interconnected relationship between emoting and thinking, as both assist each other on regulating how the react to stimuli. Specifically, thinking sustains emotion past the initial impact. Ellis describes cognition in three categories: “cool,” “warm,” and “hot,” which are descriptive, evaluative, and strongly evaluative cognitions respectively. “Warm” cognitions will cause emotions, but “hot” cognitions are what sustains them.

Expectations can originate straight from the present interaction but are frequently shaped by an individual’s initial attitude determined by a mixture of necessities, expectations, and requirements. Violations of expectancies cause an urge to force the communicator to start analyzing the violation. The theory suggests that expectancy will affect the result of the communication as positive or negative and predict that negative violations reduce the attraction of the violator.

Analyses of the behavioral and the ERP data pointed to some inconsistent findings. The behavioral data shows significant adaptation in both conditions but stronger adaptation in the single trials than the double trials. This might be attributed to the position of the adaptor and target (both appearing in the center of the screen), to using a single valence for each trial and to the exceedingly apparent identity congruence that resulted in an overlap effect. The less robustness of the effect in the double adaptation condition may be attributed to the peculiar fear-neutral adaptors having two different types of valences and which were shown at the same time. The presence of these seemingly unusual trials could have compromised the overall effect

Such as covering/touching one's face, avoiding eye contact, messing with hair, biting nails, repeating words/phrases, giving too much information, and covering vulnerable body parts. We do these things because of the animalistic instinct embedded into us from our genes and brain. Due to the fact we do these things subconsciously, they are taken into account when interrogations are administered. Last of all, I have learned some basic questions that can be used in the upcoming experiment. These questions are designed in a way so that people answering them will know the answer, because of the simplicity of the questions. Examples of these questions consist of are you really named/old/born in name/time/place? Though some of these factors such as heart rate and blood pressure can vary depending on the person I will have to pay further attention to that, but in the end this is the summarization of my research on can cause a physical reaction on the

An expectancy is something that one predicts is going to happen whether or not this is the favorable outcome is according to Griffin (2012.) When someone else violates an expectancy, a reaction is to follow even if the violated expectancy is a good thing. Sometimes the response to the violation is no reaction which in a way is its own reaction. Other times, the reaction can be an entirely new perspective on someone.

When we are emotionally triggered our individual “conditioned responses” can vary widely from from person to person and depending on the situation we are dealing with.

In Milgram’s Obedience Study (1963) men had to send what they thought was an electric shock to what they think is a man with a heart condition. 80% obeyed, and 65% continued to increase the voltage to full capacity. You can see from the video, that these men truly believe they are sending the shocks, due to their shaking heads, hesitations and disagreements with the man on duty.

certain observations, encounters, and social situations will change an individual's perception. In affect theory, an individual will associate new meanings to actors, behaviors, and objects when their prior assumption is negated. Robinson and Smith-Lovin present the example of a mother and daughter in a park. Let us assume a bystander walking their dog evaluates the mother and daughter as good/nice. However, if mother begins to drag her child bystander may no longer evaluate the scenario as good/nice.

In a study conducted by Dong, Zhou, Zhao, and Lu (2011), 18 participants were each given two tasks in which they would be quickly shown a picture and record whether they thought it was a positive, negative, or neutral image. During the experiment, event-related potentials (ERPs) and anterior hemispheric asymmetries tests (AHATs) were recorded in order to determine if a negativity bias could occur before the subjects experienced negative emotions related to the

If we exert negative emotions such as anger, irritability, impatience, and sadness we leave ourselves open to manipulation, and create communication barriers that did not exist prior to our outbursts. Spontaneous reactions or negative emotions such as blushing, embarrassment, aggressiveness, or retaliation can reveal or true intentions or our primary goals and objectives. This makes us vulnerable and the other issue can obtain concessions that weren’t originally available. (Lewicki, Saunders, Barry, ‘Negotiation Reading and Exercises 6th Ed. 2009) EI comes into play to help avoid these situations, and to keep us calm and level-headed.