Theory Of Planned Behavior By Icek Ajzen

This theory was first created by Ajzen and Fishbein in 1980. This theory provides a framework to study the attitudes that support behaviours and suggests that the most important determinate of an individual’s behaviour is their behavioural intent. This is the individual’s intention to preform a certain behaviour, which is formed from a combination of their attitude towards the behaviour and the subject norm. (The subject norm is the individual’s perception of what others expect them to do).

It has substantial success in predicting a variety of behaviors (Conner & Sparks, 1996). It details the causes of an individual's decision to behave in a particular manner. Theory of Planned Behavioral is rooted in the fact that behavior reflects expected value. It aims to explain rationally motivated, intentional health and non-health behaviors. Extremely specific behavioral intentions measures that closely match the intended behaviors are used in the Theory of Planned Behavior. Behavioral intention measures can assess planning. The Theory of Planned Behavioral provides an account of the elements of behavior when both motivation and opportunity to process information are high (Conner & Armitage, 1998). Self-efficacy plays a vital role in this

In this class we’ve learned that both Behavior Theory and Cognitive Behavior Theory both help explain human behavior through an A-B-C model or method. What are the A-B-Cs of Cognitive Behavior Theory?

planned behavior, if we want to predict a behavior we need to know three things: (1) attitude

Engaging in exercise everyday would help reduce the risk of lifestyle diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The counties could also educate the people on the dangers of smoking and as such spearhead campaigns to help people quit smoking. The theory of planned behavior is used to predict deliberate behavior in individuals since behavior can be planned and deliberative. The theory could be applied in reversing the health trends in the counties with emphasis on whether to exercise or use condoms when having sex. Further, there exists a correlation between independently healthy eating behaviors with barriers, such as attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm, evident in the theory of planned behavior3. The health policymakers in the counties would have to assume that people process every piece of information and act accordingly and thus would be compelled to quit smoking and result to exercise. This theory would fit the intervention plan due to its efficiency to explain intention, perceived behavioral control being as important as attitude across health-related behavior

The Expectancy Theory suggests that individuals choose a particular course of action after they have – often subconsciously – evaluated three critical components of the theory.

A theory often used in the research of individual health behavior and behavioral intentions is the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991). According to this theory, the performance of any behavior depends on behavioral intention. Behavioral intention is viewed as being dependent on behavioral beliefs (e.g., attitude towards the behavior), normative beliefs, and control beliefs. Normative beliefs are beliefs about the expectations of others, and control beliefs are beliefs about the factors that may help or hinder the performance of the behavior. The framework for the study of physical activity discussed earlier by Armitage (2005) is based on this theory. That study found that behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs all contribute to physical activity behavior.

According to Sutton & Paulson, theory of planned behavior (TPB), there are three major determinants that permit the explanation and prediction of most human social behavior - attitudes, perceived norms, and perceptions of behavioral control (2016, p.411). With social media, theory of planned behavior comes into play because majority of the participants perceived social media, and making their own videos, as a social norm that was deemed socially acceptable during the campaign. Participants had a positive experience while making their social media video, which

Theory of Planned Behavior is influenced by an individual’s attitude towards a health behavior (Cameron, Ginsburg, Westhoff, Mendez, & Roque, 2012). The Theory of Planned Behavior according to Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, (2008), provides a systematic method that helps determine the issues that are most important to a person’s decisions after having performed a specific behavior. The constructs obtained in the Theory of Planned Behavior are: attitudes, behavioral intentions, subjective norms, social norms, perceived power, and perceived behavioral control (Boston University School of Public Health,

Unfortunately, holding students back encourages classmates to perceive these students as failures, which can affect the student’s self-esteem. Research has revealed that retained students are more likely to experience behavior problems, poor peer interactions, dislike of school, and poor self-concept (Jimerson 7). With all of the emotional impacts of grade retention, it leaves the student disengaged, which is not a state to promote academic achievement. Grade retention can easily be illustrated as a domino effect, once one domino falls into the other they all eventually fall. The first domino to fall from being retained is the emotional effect that leaves the student disengaged. After the student takes that hit it leads to an unsuccessful academic achievement due to the disengaged state. Finally, the student is left years later lost, unable to catch up and the risk of dropping out for this student has now dramatically increased. All of these unfortunate effects could have been avoided by providing the student an intense intervention program. Although, numerous studies have proven grade retention is not beneficial, some would still

Cognitive Behavior theory (CBT) is a generic theory that is most popular and utilized through ought the world of counseling. Similarly, this particular theorical approach works with mostly all types of counseling issues and concerns. However when working with families and couples, CBT focus more so on the emotional responses of each individual member (Wetchler & Hecker, 2015). Nonetheless, CBT and family therapy are also therapies that work well with diversity of race ethnicity, sexual orientation and gender identifications. Therefore, in using this role model it is important that therapists maintain cultural competency (Sue, 2006), worldviews biases when using CBT, in working with multicultural families.

When considering health psychology it is important to recognise the various models it is made up of. The basis of this essay will be to take a look at the health belief model and the theory of planned behaviour, considering their historical origins, the positives and negatives of applying these approaches and examples of when they have been used. After some analysis it may offer some insight into possible improvements that could be implemented from further research. Also included will be an overview of how the models compare to each other and critical evaluation of research from this field.

Behavioral theoretical framework, better known as “behaviorism, is a theory of human development that studies observable behavior.” (Berger, 2014, p. 26) Johnson Watson argued that scientists need to only examine what they can physically observe, furthermore he stated that ‘if psychologists focus on behavior they will realize that anything can be learned,” (Berger, 2014, p. 26) as opposed to internal events like thinking and emotions. (McLeod, 2013)

From Week 4 lecture, I have learnt about the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Initially, I thought that if a person intend to do something, they will put in their best effort to do it. However, I realized that I was wrong because ‘intention does not always accurately predict behaviour when there is a reflex or conditioned response involved.’(Long-Crowell, 2003) For example, ‘my friend with a phobia may intend to stay calm and collected when faced with their fear, but may end up having a panic attack instead.’(Long-Crowell, 2003) After this lecture, I have learnt that this theory explores the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. A person who have the intention to change is determined by attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. For example, a person who know about the negative effects are more willing to quit smoking.

The TPB (Ajzen, 1985; 1991) was developed following an extension of the socio psychological Theory of Reasoned Action or TRA (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980; Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975) as a result of the original model’s limitations in dealing with behaviours over which people have incomplete volitional control. According to the theory, both attitude toward behaviour (Act) and subjective norms (SN) are immediate determinants of intention to perform behaviour. The TPB further proposes that intention to perform behaviour is the immediate cause of such behaviour. It represents motivational components, that is, the extent to which a person will exercise conscious effort in carrying out any intended behavioural actions.