Theory Of Planned Behavior (TPB)

By the person having a positive attitude and the positive subjective norm, the person will be much more likely to follow the health advice given by the Smoke Free campaign and quit smoking.

It has substantial success in predicting a variety of behaviors (Conner & Sparks, 1996). It details the causes of an individual's decision to behave in a particular manner. Theory of Planned Behavioral is rooted in the fact that behavior reflects expected value. It aims to explain rationally motivated, intentional health and non-health behaviors. Extremely specific behavioral intentions measures that closely match the intended behaviors are used in the Theory of Planned Behavior. Behavioral intention measures can assess planning. The Theory of Planned Behavioral provides an account of the elements of behavior when both motivation and opportunity to process information are high (Conner & Armitage, 1998). Self-efficacy plays a vital role in this

Engaging in exercise everyday would help reduce the risk of lifestyle diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The counties could also educate the people on the dangers of smoking and as such spearhead campaigns to help people quit smoking. The theory of planned behavior is used to predict deliberate behavior in individuals since behavior can be planned and deliberative. The theory could be applied in reversing the health trends in the counties with emphasis on whether to exercise or use condoms when having sex. Further, there exists a correlation between independently healthy eating behaviors with barriers, such as attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm, evident in the theory of planned behavior3. The health policymakers in the counties would have to assume that people process every piece of information and act accordingly and thus would be compelled to quit smoking and result to exercise. This theory would fit the intervention plan due to its efficiency to explain intention, perceived behavioral control being as important as attitude across health-related behavior

A theory often used in the research of individual health behavior and behavioral intentions is the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991). According to this theory, the performance of any behavior depends on behavioral intention. Behavioral intention is viewed as being dependent on behavioral beliefs (e.g., attitude towards the behavior), normative beliefs, and control beliefs. Normative beliefs are beliefs about the expectations of others, and control beliefs are beliefs about the factors that may help or hinder the performance of the behavior. The framework for the study of physical activity discussed earlier by Armitage (2005) is based on this theory. That study found that behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs all contribute to physical activity behavior.

This essay will answer this question by featuring an exploration of the motivational psychological and sociological influences on the perpetuation, maintenance and cessation of smoking, primarily focusing on the application of the Health Belief Model (HBM) to smoking, briefly discussing the roles personality and self-efficacy play in influencing individuals’ attitudes towards smoking. The sociological aspect of this essay will examine how social factors impact individuals’ smoking behaviour, emphasising the role of gender, with reference to the Social–Learning Theory (SLT).

Significant number of people has been addicted to the habit of smoking despite of knowing the fact that it is injurious to health. In the past, it was considered as the taboos and only adult group was habituated but currently, it is common among both adolescent and adult population. Cigarette smoking is habit of inhaling smoke of cigarette and releasing it. A study by Gong (2011, pp.48) reveals that the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adult of age group 45-65years is higher than adolescent age group 15-24 years with 63% and 33.6% respectively.

The key predisposing factor that influences homeless veteran’s poor choice of diet is their perceived lack of control. For this reason, the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) can be used to help understand and determine the beliefs that stimulate this behavior. Previous studies have shown that homeless veterans’ exhibit constant worry over perceived lack of control in regards to diet choice (Rojas-Guyler et al., 2014), and perceived control is a major construct of the TPB. The TPB asserts that intention and perceptions of capability will govern the likelihood that individuals will execute a particular behavior (McDermott et al., 2015). Consequently, homeless veterans will display a strong intention to eat the recommended daily

Health behaviour theorists have long attested to the importance of social influences in health decision making. For example, the prominent Social Cognitive Theory builds in a construct of outcome expectancies, of which social outcome expectancies, or the value of the anticipated reaction of those in one’s environment, play a role. In essence, an individual is going to consider anticipated approving or disapproving responses, by his/her peers, to a particular health decision, and the perceived reaction will affect the decision that is made (Lusczynska and Schwarzer, 2007). The Theory of Planned Behaviour describes the social influence as subjective norms, which are individual’s beliefs that significant others think that they should

These are social cognition and the stage models; auxiliary subdivided into five sets. The sections are; protection motivational theory, health belief theory, and self-efficacy theory, planned behavior theory and reasoned action theory. Social cognition models are based on information obtained from smaller cognitive and affective factors brought about by beliefs and attitudes (King, R., Lloyd, C., & Meehan, T. 2007). Stage models involve organizing the elements that prompt acquired information basing on a certain sequence of qualitatively distinguished and discrete levels. In this study I was able to utilize protection motivation theory, self-efficacy theory and planned behavior theory. Protection motivation theory helps to explain the way in which people counter fear-arousing threat in health communication. It describes the motivation that assists in protecting a person against health related threats. It enables one to adopt the recommended action through a developed belief that it is possible for a person to perform the actions successfully. This explains the concept that an individual develops strong willingness for self-protection if one beliefs that the consequences will be serious when the threat continues. The assumption that supplements this is that taking the recommended action is an effective way of

Theory of Planned Behavior is influenced by an individual’s attitude towards a health behavior (Cameron, Ginsburg, Westhoff, Mendez, & Roque, 2012). The Theory of Planned Behavior according to Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, (2008), provides a systematic method that helps determine the issues that are most important to a person’s decisions after having performed a specific behavior. The constructs obtained in the Theory of Planned Behavior are: attitudes, behavioral intentions, subjective norms, social norms, perceived power, and perceived behavioral control (Boston University School of Public Health,

It was very difficult to find a theory that directly relates to the concept of adherence. While researching, many articles on adherence showed a direct relation between the Theory of Planned Behavior and adherence. For this reason, the Theory of Planned Behavior will be used as the theory that most directly relates to the concept of adherence. “The theory of planned behavior has been successfully applied to predict adherence behaviors in a variety of health contexts such as sustained efforts to maintain or reduce blood pressure, engaging in exercise based rehab for dizziness, adherence to malaria prophylactics, and adherence to asthma treatments.” (Manning & Bettencourt, 2011, p. 1174). The theory of planned behavior has also been used to assess

Butts and Rich (2018) introduced us to Behavior Health Theories (BHT) and emphasized how advanced practice nurses utilize these theories to evoke change in their patients (p. 244). There are many BHT but these few are the most popular: Behavioral Health Model, Social Cognitive Theory and Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior (Butts and Rich, 2018, p. 242). Although, we will not go into depth discussing the difference in the theories; it’s important

As such, smoking cessation programs should not only employ a combination of psycho-educational, behavioural, and social learning strategies, but also be thought of as process of behaviour change that occurs in consecutive stages (Stiefel, 2006). Therefore, smoking cessation programs ought to rely on the Stages of Change Model as it does just that. Formulated by Prochaska and Di Clemente originally for smoking cessation, the Stages of Change Model is an integrative model that provides a descriptive account of the processes of intentional behaviour change unfolding over time based on the individual’s readiness of change and proposes that individuals move through five stages commencing in pre-contemplation, progressing to contemplation, then to preparation, action, and, ultimately, maintenance (Warwick-Booth et al., 2012). Though progression through the Stages of Change can transpire in a linear manner, a nonlinear progression is common. Often, individuals linger in a particular stage or regress to former stages from later ones. The main assumption undermining the Stages of Change Model is that a person’s behaviour and choices are contingent on where the individual stands in the stages of behaviour change. In other words, the clinician examines the smoker’s readiness for change and guides him or her through the stages accordingly, instead of expecting a behaviour change based irrelevant factors like the amount of meetings attended in a certain time frame. In the pre-contemplation stage individuals are unaware of the problems with smoking. They are seen as resistant or unmotivated, and tend to avoid information, discussion, or thought with regards to quitting smoking because they have no interest in doing so. In the contemplation stage, the individual has not stopped smoking, but is seriously considering it. They

When considering health psychology it is important to recognise the various models it is made up of. The basis of this essay will be to take a look at the health belief model and the theory of planned behaviour, considering their historical origins, the positives and negatives of applying these approaches and examples of when they have been used. After some analysis it may offer some insight into possible improvements that could be implemented from further research. Also included will be an overview of how the models compare to each other and critical evaluation of research from this field.

Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), behavior is influenced by intention, attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. The latter factor represents one’s beliefs about the advantages/ease and disadvantages/difficulties coupled with adopting a behavior [16]. TPB has been widely used in designing theory-based intervention programs to reduce smoking and it was shown that perceived behavioral control exerts a powerful influence both on the intention and the behavior of smoking, in a way that is presumed to be culture specific[17].Although several local studies [8-10] have addressed a number of social and psychological risk factors associated with adolescent smoking they