Therapy For Diabetes : Conclusion Or Illusion? Essay

Public health emphasizes the importance of prevention and proactively taking care of one’s body. As people grow older, they must follow certain guidelines to ensure that they age healthily and successfully. One of the biggest concerns facing the aging population is chronic diseases. Chronic diseases are long term diseases that have a slow progression. Once chronic diseases pass “certain symptomatic or diagnostic thresholds,” they become a permanent aspect of an individual’s life because “medical and personal regimens can sometimes control but can rarely cure them” (Albert and Freeman 105). One chronic condition that is a cause of concern is diabetes. Diabetes is not only one of the leading causes of death in the over 65 population but

Diabetes is a growing concern and health challenge for the American people (b). Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot react to insulin appropriately or either cannot produce insulin efficiently (w). “Without a properly functioning insulin signaling system, blood glucose levels become elevated and other metabolic abnormalities occur, leading to the development of serious, disabling complications” (w). There are numerous forms of diabetes amongst the nation, however, there are three main forms of diabetes. Most people have heard of type one diabetes, type two diabetes, and gestational diabetes because they are common. Type two diabetes deals with a resistance to insulin, while

need for increased understanding of the economic, and societal seriousness of diabetes and its complications, and of the escalating costs to individuals, families, workplaces, society and governments.

Insulin resistance is the first physiological change occurring in type two diabetes. In these type two diabetic patients, insulin is unable to move glucose into liver, kidney and muscle cells although insulin is able to attach properly to the cell surface receptors. In order to rectify this, most patients with type two diabetes start secreting normal to very high levels of insulin, which can initially overcome this resistance. After a while, the pancreas cannot keep up with this high insulin production and the cells become resistant to glucose intake. Persistent hyperglycemia or high blood glucose levels are not desirable since this causes damage to the beta cells of the pancreas that produces the insulin hormone. This damage to beta cells further hampers insulin synthesis and patients at this stage are categorized as full-blown diabetic. Such patients consistently show a hyperglycemia state even after hours of fasting ( Hinkle & Cheever,

Diabetes is a heterogeneous group of metabolic diseases characterised by high levels of blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) due to defects in the β cell function in the pancreas which is impacting the insulin secretion or insulin action, resulting in the inability to self-regulate the levels of blood glucose in the body (Stumvoll et al.,2005). Short term symptoms of hyperglycaemia include: polyuria , polydipsia, blurred vision, however the chronic effects of hyperglycaemia are associated with long term organ dysfunction and damage, especially the blood vessels, retina in the eye, kidneys and heart (Uazman et al., 2014). Diabetes has become a world-wide concern due to its high prevalence in the world (in 2015, 415 million of people were estimated

The resolution of PD-L1 deficiency could provide a novel therapeutic tool for type 1 diabetes, Moufida Ben Nasr, the lead author of the research, said. To optimize the chemical cocktail used to stimulate the PD-L1, researchers from Boston Children’s are working with Fate Therapeutics, a biotech company based in San Diego, California. More research to determine the treatment’s safety, the ideal dosing schedule, and duration of the positive effects of boosting PD-L1 are being planned. The team met with the US Food and Drug Administration to discuss the plan for a clinical trial for people suffering from type 1 diabetes.

The newest class of antidiabeteic medications to be approved for use in the United States is the glucagon-like- peptide-1 agonists (GLP-1). There are two drugs in this class that are currently available, exenatide (Byetta, Bydurian) and liraglutide (Victoza) (LexiComp, 2014). These medications mimic the actions of endogenous GLP-1. Endogenous GLP-1 is secreted from the L-cells in the colon and ileum in response to the ingestion of nutrients (Ryan, Foster, & Jobe, 2011, p. 794). GLP-1 has a half-life of 2 minutes due to the action of the DPP-4 enzymes. GLP-1 agonists overcome this issue by having an altered structure that renders them less susceptible to DPP-4 enzymatic degradation thus

(Hermanns-Le, Scheen, & Pierard, 2014, p. 200) As our cells fail to respond to insulin, the beta cells of the pancreas produce more insulin and trigger the liver to produce more glucose to restore glycemic control. This compensational mechanism will eventually be unable to keep up with the body’s demands leading to elevated glucose levels in circulation. Eventually, the high demand of pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin will not be able to keep up and insulin production will become insufficient, lessening the uptake of glucose. This now opens the path to Type II Diabetes Mellitus. (Thoenes, 2012, p. 621)

Diabetes Mellitus is a prevalent disease that spreads world wide, adversely affecting the lives of millions. The term “mellitus” encompasses the various types of diabetes. As a whole, Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic conditions in which there are prolonged periods of time where blood glucose levels are way above normal volumes. Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Gestational Diabetes are the principal variations of Diabetes Mellitus. Despite the particular prominent cause differentiating these types, each of them stem from the issue of hyperglycemia due to the insufficiency or resistance of the hormone, insulin. Fortunately, new research regarding nutrition therapy has alleviated much of the worry surrounding diabetic diets, subsequently

In the brain, GLP-1 increases satiety and neuroprotection while decreasing appetite. In the pancreas, aside from insulin secretion, in β cells it causes and increase in glucose sensitivity, neogenesis, and proliferation while increasing insulin expression and decreasing glucagon release. In bones, GLP-1 increases bone formation while decreasing bone resorption. In the heart, it offers glucose uptake, cardioprotection and increases cardiac function. The function of GLP-1 on the stomach has implications that it could be used as a treatment for T2DM as well as obesity. Since GLP-1 has a tendency to decrease gastric emptying, secretion, and motility, this will in part also slow down the release of glucose into the bloodstream making GLP-1 a target for treatment in

Teenagers with Diabetes often think that driving is effortless. They are not thinking about the concern of others on the road. 5,864 teens between the age 15-20 are involved in a fatal car accident (Diabetes information for teens). Some may be from drinking and driving, texting, or simply just not paying attention. Severe injuries are one of the many reasons why teens should not be allowed to drive with uncontrolled blood sugars. Teens with uncontrolled blood sugars should not be able to drive because it can cause you to lose feeling in your limbs, causes unconsciousness, and the safety of others.

DPP-4 inhibitors enhance the body's own ability to control blood glucose by increasing the active levels of incretin: glucagen like peplide l (GLP-l), glucose- dependent insulintropic polypeptide (GIP) hormones in the body. Their mechanism of action is distinct from any existing class of oral glucose-lowering agents. They control elevated blood glucose by triggering pancreatic insulin secretion, suppressing pancreatic glucagon secretion, and signaling the liver to reduce glucose production (Barnett, 2006).

Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar)1 . In 2011 The American Diabetes Association repoted a 25.8 million people in America living with diabetes 2. Diabetes is a illness that can be caused by the body not being able to produce enough insulin and or cells in the body not responding adequately to the insulin provided. Insulin which is produced by the pancrease, regulates the amount of glucose (which provieds energy to all cells) in the blood.

This review addresses the open-label, 26-week, randomized, side-by-side comparison of exenatide and liraglutide, two glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. Exenatide, a synthetic version of extendin-4, is a once-weekly injectable that is resistant to degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). The once-daily injectable, liraglutide, is an analog of human GLP-1 that has been engineered to resist degradation by DPP-4. Liraglutide is also 99% bound to albumin to avoid degradation by endogenous peptidases. Exenatide is released slowly over time and reaches steady-state concentrations at 6-10 weeks. Liraglutide reaches peak concentrations at 10-14 hours after injection. In previous studies, patients with type 2 diabetes

     Diabetes is a chronic condition in which the body produces too little insulin (Type One Diabetes) or can’t use available insulin efficiently ( Type Two Diabetes). Insulin is a hormone vital to helping the body use digested food for growth and energy.