Thermodynamics Lab Report

6-3: This process is used by cells to manufacture _biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products__

Cold Working Lab Report Name Institution Table of Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 3 Experimental Procedure 4 Results 4 Discussion 6 Conclusion 6 Acknowledgement 6 Cold Working Lab Report Abstract The goal of this experiment was to establish and compare the material hardness versus % of cold work for 110 copper alloy copper and 260 cartridge brass. The aim was to predict the material that would almost satisfy the requirements of a Rockwell hardness of 40 HRB for a component. From the experiment, the thickness, average HRB, and percentage cold work were tabulated for both copper and brass.

The main objective of this experiment is to differentiate between a physical change and a chemical change.

Examine a piece of nichrome wire. On the data sheet, record the color and the luster of the metal. Use a forceps to hold the wire in the flame of your burner for about two minutes (recall where the hottest part of the flame is located). Describe the appearance of the wire while held in the hottest part of the flame. Allow the wire to cool and reexamine it. From your observations, determine if there was a physical or a chemical change. Give specific reasons for your conclusions. Save the nichrome wire for step #2.

Hypothesis: If we use these materials and use magnets, water, burners, and filters on the mixtures and elements given we should determine what kind of effect these materials given will have on these mixtures and elements, physical or chemical.

Day 1. Michael was coming home for vacation from college. When he got home he found out that

Substances A and B have an appearance of a white solid like. Substances A and B were put into a test tube and on the Bunsen burner. As a result, B melted faster than A. A was slow to melt. The reason why B melted faster than A is because it has a lower boiling point than substance A which made it melt faster. It also shows that A needs more energy than B to be broken down.

To start this experiment, set up the gas collecting apparatus. To start Part A, add approximately 15mL of distilled water to the test tube and record the temperature. Use about half of an Alka-Seltzer® tablet and record the mass. Close the test tube with the stopper with the tubing and tilt the test tube so the water and tablet react. When the reaction is finished, record the volume of CO2 recovered by lining the meniscus of the graduated cylinder up with the water level.

The percent mass of each component of the mixture was 23% iron, 61% sand, and 8.7% salt.

In this experiment, a mixture of unknown #3 was used. That mixture had acid, base, and neutral. We added solvent to the unknown. It is important to know the density of the solvent in order to determine which is the aqueous layer and which is the organic layer. If the solvent that has more density than water, so the organic layer will be the lower layer, while if the solvent has lower density than water, the organic layer will be the upper layer. This will make an error if the determination of the layers was wrong after added the strong acid or the strong base. We added 5% HCl to the mixture in order to separate the base in the aqueous layer and form its salt. Same thing, we add 5% NaOH to the mixture in order to separate the acid and form its salt. In order to recover the base, we add 10% NaOH to the HCl extraction. The result will be salt with a base. Same thing for the acid, in order to recovered it, we added 10% HCl. The reaction will give us salt with an acid. For the neutral, we added sodium sulfate as a drying reagent in order to dry water and separate the neutral part as pure.

1. In the human blood, there is the bicarbonate buffer system. CO2 is released from cellular respiration and then taken up by red blood cells. Next, it is changed to carbonic acid which dissociates to form bicarbonate and H+ ions.

In experiment 3.11, we found out whether or not a larger amount of a liquid would get hotter when it boils. To answer this, we heated a specific amount of unknown liquid and recorded the temperature every fifteen seconds. In our scatter plot, we were able to find the boiling point of our liquid. We know that the slope of our graphs is when the liquid molecules were moving around and heating up. The plateau of our graph points is where the liquid started to evaporate and boil. This is were we found our boiling point at. Shantel and I decided that our boiling point was about 98º Celsius. If you had another slope in your graph, that was when you were simply heating the leftover gas. The histogram showed us that there were about equal amounts of data in the higher temperature (about 95º Celsius) bins for both 20mL of liquid and 10mL of liquid. Also, in the lower temperature bins (75º to 80º Celsius) there was about equal amount of data for 20mL of liquid and 10mL of liquid. There was 7 pieces of data for 10mL of liquid in the lower bins, and 6 pieces of data for 20mL of liquid. If a larger amount of liquid did have a higher boiling point, the clusters would be organized by volumes or amount. For example, all of the 20mL pieces of data would be in the higher temperature bins, and all of the 10mL pieces of data would be in the lower temperature bins or flipped. Rather, the bins were clustered by identity. The boiling point is a characteristic property.

A study was performed to determine the diffusion rate of two substances. One crystal from each substance was placed in separate medium filled Petri dishes. Substance A has a molecular mass of 164 atomic mass units (amu) and substance B has a molecular mass of 326 amu.

Endotherm are animals that regulate internal temperature at a range dispie ambient temperature changes. This research will aid to identify how different ambient temperature will affect the mice’s metabolic rate. Previous research suggest that thermo neutral zone is the range which endotherm conduct metabolic with least stress. However to understand the exact relationship between the change in ambient temperature on endothermic metabolic rate, metabolic system measurement would be carried out to measure the ambient temperature and oxygen percentage. The hypothesis was that as the mices experiences ambient temperature outside of their thermal neutral zone, then they will intake more oxygen because more metabolic activities need to take place

Chemical equilibrium is the study of change within a chemical reaction and how far it will go to reach a dynamic equilibrium (Burdge). Dynamic equilibrium is defined as the constant movement of species in a chemical reaction, gone to incompletion while the rates of production and consumption are equal (Kf = Kr ) (Burdge). It differs from static equilibrium in that species are constantly being consumed and produced, it is dynamic movement (Fox). The concentration of such species do not change, it remains constant (Fox). The rate at which species are being consumed and produced is known as the equilibrium constant (K) (Burdge). Due to the fact that the concentration