Thesis On Dengue Fever

Summary: The yellow fever outbreak that took place in Africa this past year was a hidden disaster which exposed the flaws in the emergency vaccine supply. The epidemic essentially exposed a race between the mosquitos that spread yellow fever and the vaccines that protect people against yellow fever. Early in December 2015 in Africa, the first few deaths by yellow fever were misdiagnosed as merely food poisoning. As soon as the true culprit was exposed, emergency stockpiles of vaccines were exhausted before a small region was protected. However, the outbreak was mitigated due to the help of a colossal vaccine campaign that stretched the supplies by diluting vaccine doses all thanks to special donors such as Brazil and South Sudan. This outbreak barely got any coverage or attention due to the focus being on the Zika Virus epidemic. The yellow fever virus reached Asia via workers who worked in Africa; if the virus got a base in Asia, it would have been very traumatic. The virus was spreading to major

Eighty percent, or four out of five, of individuals who are diagnosed with having West Nile Virus, have an asymptomatic case of the disease. This means that these people will not show any symptoms connected with West Nile Virus and the only way to find out it if they have the disease is to test for it. The West Nile test involves measuring the levels of the IgM antibody in the bloodstream, which can help to diagnose the disease. (CDC, 2005)

Unlike with many diseases, West Nile Virus can be very easy or very difficult to diagnose in a patient. For instance, a patient may be asymptomatic, meaning they show no symptoms of having West Nile Virus, and it can be hard to say if this will ever change. Some patients will have mild symptoms including pyrexia (fever), cephalgia (headache), body aches, nausea, emesis (vomiting), and sometimes lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph glands) or a skin rash on the chest, stomach and back, which can last from several days to several weeks

West Nile virus is the most significant exotic mosquito-borne disease that has come to the contiguous United States in the last century. Outbreaks have proven extremely difficult to predict and control and have been associated with considerable morbidity. The large outbreak in 2012, which caught many by surprise, indicates that West Nile virus will remain a formidable public health challenge for years to come (“FAQ: West Nile Virus,” par. 3).

There is no vaccine to help prevent Zika. There is also currently no formal medication to treat the disease. Therefore, it is best to treat the symptoms. In addition, get a good amount of rest, prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids, and take medication that reduces fever or pain such as paracetamol or acetaminophen (Tylenol®). When taking medication, do not take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) like aspirin. NSAIDS could increase the risk of bleeding if dengue has not been ruled out. It is also important to talk to your healthcare provider before taking any medication if you are already taking medication for a separate

The National Dengue Prevention and Control Program was initially started by the Department of Health (DOH) in 1993. Central Visayas and the National Capital Region served as the pilot destinations. It was not until 1998 when the project was executed across the country. The target populations of the system are the overall public, the LGUs, and the local health workers (Lee Suy, n.d.).

The holiday season tends to attract Canadians to visiting warmer destinations in the hopes of escaping our frigid winter weather. These warmer destinations, like the Caribbean, have much to offer; with balmy tropical weather, hot beaches, ocean views, and plenty of sun. Unfortunately, along with the luxuries of these areas comes with the risk of an array of tropical diseases, such as dengue fever. The thought of contracting this illness is not ideal for the perfect winter getaway but is beginning to become a somber reality with the dramatic increase of incidences in tropical climates globally. Dengue fever, also historically known as break-bone fever, is caused by the dengue virus and is endemic in tropical areas around the world. If severe, the illness can progress to more serious conditions, including dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Dengue fever is emerging as a major global concern as an estimated 2.5 billion people are at risk and an increasing trend in annual number of cases over recent reported years (1,2).

Dengue fever is an infectious, epidemic disease caused by any of four related dengue viruses: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4 (Araujo 2012). . The disease is quite widespread in tropical regions. Most reports of Dengue fever are from areas of the Caribbean, Central and South America, Africa, Southeast Asia and China, India, the Middle East, Australia and the South and Central Pacific. Global estimates and studies indicate that each year there are between 50-100 million cases of dengue infection (Cordeiro et al 2011). These are only known and treated cases however. Health experts believe that many cases likely go unreported because some health care providers do not recognize the disease. Dengue fever is seasonal and rates increase during months of extremely high temperatures and rain (de Araujo et al. 2012)

All dengue patients in this study received standard care according to the WHO treatment guidelines for dengue by treating physicians [1, 3]. Type and amount of fluid intake and urine output were also recorded daily during hospitalization. Patient data including baseline characteristics, clinical parameters, laboratory findings, hemodynamic parameters, IVCd, IVCc, cardiac biomarkers, ECG, chest X-ray, type of fluid, daily fluid intake and urine output per day were recorded in a pre-defined case-report form. Severity of dengue was summarized on the date of discharge according to the WHO's 2009 definition [3].

Protection of Human Subjects: The current proposal involves testing of deidentified samples from dengue patients. All collection of dengue samples from patients was carried out in the CDC. A total of 60 acute serum samples were collected from febrile patients in Puerto Rico and Costa Rica (2009–2011) suspected of having dengue 0–5 days after onset of symptoms and whose average age was 14.3 years, in a study approved by the CDC IRB.

Dengue Fever is a well-known arbovirus infection persistently affecting the tropical and subtropical areas sharing similar characteristics of overcrowding, clammy warm climate, poor economic and moving toward industrialization. (1) The incidence of dengue fever is escalating each year mostly in Southeast Asia, America and the Pacific’s adding to the world’s burden of the disease (1,2) Dengue virus is a member of flavivirus genus family that includes also West Nile virus, yellow fever, zika and Japanese encephalitis virus (1). Four serotypes of dengue virus identified DENV 1-4 transmitted by the Aedes aegypti and Ades albopictus mosquitoes (3) Clinical diagnosis of dengue fever remains a challenge and requires high index of suspicion. This could be attributed to the non-specific signs and symptoms in acute phase which mimic many other febrile illnesses (1). It has a spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild self-limiting symptoms (fever, headache, retro-orbital pain, weakness, myalgia, arthralgia, nausea, vomiting, rash and sore throat) to severe life threatening; dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSH) (3,4). The disease has an incubation period of 2-7 days and has been classified into primary and secondary infection, depending on whether there is no previous exposure to dengue virus or flavivirus related vaccine (primary) or there is past exposure (secondary) (1,4).

Antibody based detection of dengue infection can be done using serum samples both for primary and secondary infections from the 2nd day of infection. The antibody titres

Two fifths of the world’s population are at risk of dengue illness and this number is increasing. About 50-100 million cases of dengue fever and 500,000 cases

Abstract— Health protection is the improvement of health via the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease, illness, injury, and other mental impairments in human beings. This system is based on Fuzzy Logic, adopting Mamdani model as the fuzzy inference mechanism and list of medical diseases. With diseases like swine flu and dengue fever, chicken pox, on the rise, which have symptoms, are so closely associated that it sometimes become practically Herculean task to differentiate between the above-scribed diseases based on symptoms. Thus, it becomes inevitable to design such a system that would closely monitor the symptoms and infer the disease based on fuzzy inference system. This work is done by assigning different coefficients to each symptom of a disease and to predict and quantify the severity impact of the recognized disease. For predicting, the cure time of a disease, based on the symptoms. Perdition of cure time is clinically based on hypothetic studies and to estimate the cure time of a disease based on the symptoms. This

Dengue is a type of vector-borne viral disease, transmitted by the Aedes mosquitoes. Dengue has four antigenically different virus stereotypes (DENV 1-4), (though there was a report in 2013 that identified a fifth stereotype) (Guzman & Harris, 2015) (Dengue, 2016) (Normile, 2013). It is estimated that there are 50 million new cases of dengue fever each year worldwide. A portion of these cases can develop into sever infections, namely dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, these sever infections are also associated with increased mortality rates. Approximately 12,000 deaths each year are contributed to dengue, and of these deaths the victims are mainly children (Bouzid et. al. 2014).