The Ways I Learn Have Learned, Think & Reason and Demonstrate
Intelligence
As I reread this topic several times and tried to bring it to life to write an intelligent paper on it, I had to search my memory for the actions that made me think, learn, act and react. So, I took a trip down memory lane and thought back to my childhood and started thinking of my elementary school days, high school days, military days, right on through to raising my children and now attempting college myself. What a trip! I’m not sure if I am learning anything or if I just keep going to see where I will wind up. At any rate, I will try to apply all these things into this paper as well as where I relate it in the book “Hilgard’s Introduction to Psychology”.
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So here it is safe to say that association is classical conditioning and motivation is an integral form of this learning method. Taking this a step further, there is another form of conditioning known as aversive conditioning this happens when you begin to associate a negative act as a reaction to doing something wrong. An example would be, when we are in our teen years, and all our friends are smoking, and it is our turn to do the nasty deed, we vacillate, “to do or not to do”. We internally hear all the negatives regarding smoking, but we see our friends saying “just come on, do it”. We know if we are caught doing this act, there will be much negative reaction from our parents, in the form of a huge punishment, so the big question we ask ourselves, is peer pressure worth it, or should I just say no. If I smoke, I pay a consequence in getting grounded, if I say no, will my friends mock me? (We will cover peer pressure in a later paper). So, aversive conditioning comes when we know a negative reaction will come from doing an iniquitous deed. Making the difference in classical conditioning and aversive conditioning, the way a reward or motivation is utilized, either granting positive reinforcement, or creating negative responses. (Hilgard p245)
Observational learning is yet another form of learning, when we are children, we learn by watching what goes on around us (TV, parents, friends, and other children). Young children watch the
Observational learning is another simple behavioral training technique. It’s as simple as its name, you learn by watching others. For example, let’s say you are trying to learn to balance a book on your head. You’ve been watching your parent do it and you try it out as well by imitating their behaviors that you previously observed. That’s a basic example of learning by observation. This helps us better understand human behavior in this way: it tells us that humans observe other behavior and try to imitate it in order to achieve the same, or a similar effect. That is another basic aspect of human behaviors that also occurs on a daily basis.
Observational learning is simply learning by observing the behavior of other people called models (Bandura 1997,1986,1989 2000,2006). Bandura sees observational learning as one of the most important mechanism through which humans behavior changes. Cady watched how “the plastics”acted and that is why she eventually became one. This type of learning is more cognitive than conditioning because people have to pay attention to how the person acted at a particular time and make mental pictures to use them later on.
Two prominent researchers, B.F. Skinner and Albert Bandura, have developed theories which provide differing perspectives and explanations regarding the learning behavior of individuals. The purpose of this writing is to explore the theoretical perspectives of Operant Conditioning Theory developed by B.F. Skinner and Social Learning Theory developed by Albert Bandura. An overview of both theories is presented, followed by a discussion of their similarities and differences.
The arguments I choose to assess for truth and validity will be three statements taken from the Application's list 12.2 (a -y) at the end of Ch. 12, “The Art of Thinking” publication. I will start with the statement (j) the premise that "power must be evil because it can corrupt people." Checking the argument for any hidden premises and ensuring it is stated fully and in a clear concise way is the first step. This argument seems to pass the first hurdle, however after checking for errors affecting truth, the argument has flaws. Beginning with, the part of the argument that says power corrupts people is not true
“Attention, soldiers of the Continental army, the patriots of our colonies!” George Washington shouted, drawing attention to himself as he stood. The whispers along with mumbles stopped, every person bringing their attention to the general as he stood from top to bottom as well as proud. “I will explain quickly what the plan of action is before I separate you. One through five-thousand, you will be going with Lafayette, blocking their escape from Yorktown, waiting in the Chesapeake Bay! Alexander, I believe you had something to say to our people of the colonies?”
The Behaviourist approach has a number of assumptions such as it emphasises that psychology needs to be scientific, to do this you must only study observable and measurable behaviour while producing empirical data. This means that you can produce systematic and replicable results which would be reliable in their accuracy, so you are able to produce a credible conclusion to your theory (McLeod, 2016). This can be shown by research by Clark Hull (1943), in which he stated that we have two types of drives: primary, these are innate such as the drive for hunger and secondary which are conditioned such as the drive to earn money. Motivation (a response) is formed by the want to reduce these drives (a stimulus) as these cause discomfort and tension (Culatta, 2015). You will know if you have conditioned a drive to someone by (confusing) observing their behaviours associated with motivation and you can measure how many are displayed. And so, you can conclude whether drives can be conditioned or not. However, being scientific, on the whole, produces results with low ecological validity because to control variables, experimentation usually happens within a laboratory setting
The Constitution declares that “no Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States” and does not offer any ideas or suggestions for what to call the new chief executive that was created. Americans—especially anti-federalists who were in opposition to the Constitution—worried a great deal about freedom’s fate under a president who possessed the powers of a monarch and who would live in a kind of court whose language and manners would separate it from the rest of the community. But, as Bartoloni-Tuazon states in her prehistory of the controversy, “Americans were already quite used to status differentiations because titles distinguishing military rank, occupational status, and political office had long been “en- trenched in the
Observational learning was form by Albert Bandura during his Bobo Doll experiment. Bobo doll experiment is an experiment where a child seeing his or her parents hitting the bobo doll angrily and follows the actions that was done by their parents. The learning is also known as shaping, modelling and vicarious reinforcement as this can be done in any place at any point in life and is mostly occurs during childhood. The observational learning able to influence one behaviour. As an example, by watching my dad cooks, I’ll able to cooks the dishes that he has just make for lunch. Also by observing others doing something one able to follow and observer others behaviour. However, observational learning can be done by only when others have an authority against
"Observational learning, also called imitation or modeling, is learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates someone 's behavior (Santrock, p.165)." Albert Bandura described four main processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement. "Before people can reproduce a model 's actions, they must attend to what the model is saying or doing. To reproduce an action, you must retain the information and keep it in memory so that it can be retrieved. People might attend to a model and
Observational learning takes place when a person learns solely based off observations they have noticed. Similar to operant conditioning learning, there are many instances of observational learning that I have noticed in the school setting. In most cases, the teacher in the classroom will be a role model to the students, teaching them the importance of good behavior. This is a prime example of observational learning, where the students observe the behavior of the teacher, and, in most cases, they follow the behaviors of the
While reading the story "Everyday Use" by Alice Walker, I found that I had a surprising amount of anger towards the character named Dee, or as she prefers Wangero. The anger that was instilled in me was caused by numerous comments and actions that occurred throughout reading the short story. I feel she was selfish, uneducated and unappreciative of her past and that the way she carried herself was ridiculous. Right from the beginning of my readings you are introduced to a character named Dee, before you ever get the opportunity to warm up to her character, she shows a very selfish characteristic and that trait is repeatedly brought out in the
Observational learning is observing behaviors from a model and then making them your own by imitation
Observational Learning is when a person’s behavior is being observed but not imitated right away, it is stored for later use (Crawford). An example of this could be a boy observing his father work a lot then when the boy is grown up, he also works a lot. Or a little girl watching her
Union Bank has just celebrated their 150th anniversary in the community. Providing many products for its clients and opportunities for employees, Union Bank has been giving the community a bank that maintains a comfortable and familiar environment for everyone who enters. Being a part of a financial institute that focuses on the client and what benefits them instead of the entire relationship based on sales has put Union Bank above other institutions. People are more trusting and feel like they matter when they enter. There are several psychological theories that were used in Union Bank’s business setting.