Third Quarter Chemistry Research Paper

* Copper, gold and aluminum are all alloyed with other metals to make them harder.

During the 18th Century, medicines were considered a trial and error methodology. If chemists were mixing concoctions in their man made labs, doctors theorized the treatment of a particular diagnosis. In the journal Two Centuries of American Medicine written in 1976, authors Bordley and Saunders wrote “Tinctures, poultices, soups, and teas were made with water- or alcohol-based extracts of freshly ground or dried

A mixture of opium and alcohol was designed back in 1680. However this formula would not surface and be marketed until the 1900's by the Bayer company in Germany as a method to combat the cough associated along with Tuberculosis. It was also used as a method to treat morphine addictions, that is until it was discovered that heroin itself was extremely

In this day and age, there are millions of pharmaceuticals out there for all kinds of diseases and conditions, but where did all of this start? The creation of medicines most likely started when people discovered the healing properties plants contained. Today, mankind has the knowledge and technology to extract elements from plants to produce more chemically engineered medicines. The real question is how did medicines develop from mashing up leaves in order to lessen an infuriating rash to just popping a pill to nurse or illness? Medicines evolved by the scientific method: series of research and experiments. During the Elizabethan era, research and experimentation attained a renewed interest.

In America if someone is sick or not feeling well, they simply go to the doctors and have a prescription sent to their local pharmacy. However, in ancient Mexico when someone became ill, the Aztecs resulted to collecting natural resources and creating their own medicine to cure each other. Mexico has a rich tradition of herbal use going back many centuries (“Aztec Medicine”). Aztecs result to the use of nature due to the fact that Mexico has one of the most diverse selections of plants native to the country, as well as a variety of species both native to and introduced to Mexico from diverse parts of the globe (“Medicines”).

Drug use has surrounded us as a species since the stone age. The first references of alcohol were found within ancient Chinese civilizations, which date to roughly 9,000 years ago (McGovern, et al.). The original sources for these alcohols were rice and millet. One of the first surgical anesthetics used was opium. It is believed that some of the first Sumerian clay tablets contained basic prescriptions of opium for pain relief. Many Arabic cultures also used opium for diseases and issues relating to gastrointestinal issues and eye abnormalities (McGovern, et al.). Whether drugs were used for recreational purposes or for medicinal uses is left in the history.

A topic of great importance to all scientists is the identification of compounds, which is relevant in all aspects of their work in some way shape or form. Weather it may be determining what is causing sickness or what is polluting the air, it is very prevalent in the science world. In project 2, identification of cations and anions was preformed through a series of confirmation and elimination tests that ultimately led to identifying an unknown ionic compound made of cations and anions.

The earliest form of painkillers was first created in the 16th century where people used laudanum or opium prepared in alcoholic solution as pain relivers. In the early 19th century, people extracted morphine from old opium poppy plants and this form of painkiller was most commonly used in the American Civil War. As Morphine was found to be very addictive, chemists in the 1870s produced heroin that did not turn out to be a success as it was proved to be more addictive than morphine. Many other synthetic opiates such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet were produced respectively in 1984, 1995 and 1999. However, these synthetic opiates could only be given if prescribed by a doctor as they could also be addictive. There were also other options of

The forerunner of today's pharmacist, the apothecary procured, mixed, and evaluated medications. The role of the apothecary-pharmacist has undergone many changes over the centuries. Once associated with the supernatural and alchemy, the apothecary became a leading health care practitioner whose field of expertise was based on science and who often treated patients directly. Eventually, the traditional apothecary was replaced by pharmacists, as we know them from the local drug store. Today, the pharmacist is primarily a dispenser of drugs already formulated and manufactured by pharmaceutical

Medicine has come a long way from the Greek period. Theories composed of the four elements were used to explain the sick phenomenon that happens to our bodies. Many of the those theories are not relevant as of now. Medicine and remedies has begun with the Earth, providing all types of compounds and

”To seek to ease pain is natural” (Silverburg, 16). Since the beginning of time mankind has struggle with disease, wound, and death; thus men try to find relief in those pain kindle the flame towards medication. Countless civilization tries their hand at medication, China and Greece both sought to find way in ending disease and sickness, however most people at the time believed disease and pain are cause by gods or other mythological being and superstition. This concept of thinking remained unchanged until 460 B.C.E in Athens Greece when Hippocrates came in and introduces the notion of modern medicine and treatment. Hippocrates broke many groundbreaking achievement in regarding medicine such as the brain controlling thoughts and emotion but what he was remember for is taking out the superstition aspect in medicine and treatment by many people and taking a scientific and logical approach (Downey, 2).

Dating back to 3000 BCE the invention of writing began in Egypt. This invention marked Egypt as the beginning of medicine due to their ability to record their findings and knowledge. While Egyptians thought gods demons and spirits played a key role in causing diseases they provide us the first look of the art of healing that we have come to call medical care. Most of the knowledge we know about medicine is all thanks to the numerous papyruses found in archaeological searches. One papyrus that impacted the medical field is the Edwin Smith papyrus, which dates back to as early as 3000 BC. Imhotep, a physician to King Djoser, lived in about 2600 BC and thought of as the father of medicine. It is believed that Imhotep was the author of the Edwin

There will be more molecules per unit volume. The number of collisions with a given unit of wall area will increase as a result. Therefore, pressure will also increase.

The world has come a long way from crushing compounds with stones or grinding different herbs to create the next big drug compound. Innovation in education and technology has propelled the field of pharmacy into a new era of medical care. It is

treatment of diseases. Therefore, Unlike other expendittures, that on medicines should be looked upon as a cost