This Research Will Explore A Wide Collection Of Literature

There are two types of collecting data for research, which are qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research is used to gain a thorough explanation about a phenomena, and ‘is normally recognisable via the use of methods that include, at least, in-depth interview and group-moderation techniques’ (Bailey 2013)

The methodology was described with the data collection method. Quantitative and qualitative questionnaire which consisted of closed questions with a choice of fixed answers and free text to enhance qualitative data were sent out in the form of mailshot, followed by telephone call to non-respondents and it was repeated for more wider sample results to gain more evidence to reduce bias (Parahoo, 2006).

The results of article two used the mixed methods of quantitative and qualitative data. “Mixed methods research is an approach to inquiry that combines or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms. It involves philosophical assumptions, the use of qualitative and quantitative approaches, and the mixing of both approaches in a study. Thus, it is more than simply collecting and analyzing both kinds of data; it also involves the use of both approaches in tandem so that the overall strength of a study is great than either qualitative or quantitative research.” (Creswell, 2007). The authors used their research to answer their research question;

This study used a quantitative methodology of data collecting to answer the research questions. The specific research questions studied included the following:

The approach of this study will take the epistemological position and a qualitative research design. Humphries (2008) asserts that qualitative research focusses on the subjective and recognises that the researcher will affect the data that is produced and therefore the outcome of the research. Denzin & Lincoln (2005:3) state that “Qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings attempting to make sense of, or to interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them”. Quantitative research on the other hand, claims to be objective, removing the researcher’s views and values from the study. While traditionally quantitative data has been deemed to produce more reliable or valid data, it does not suffice to capture the complexities of the human experience as it assumes a positivist epistemology.

Over the decades from theology to science crime has continued to be studied. It has been studied because of the many factors found in deviant and criminal behavior. Lets first start with understanding what deviance is. Deviance is defined as “behavior that violates accepted norms and arouses negative social reaction”(pg. 386). Just like the Western societies from long ago, in some of our societies today there are still religious explanations for behavior that violate norms. Back in ancient times people believed that deviant behavior was because of four reasons: “(1) God was testing their faith, (2) God was punishing them, (3) God was using their behavior to warn others to follow divine rules, and (4) they were possessed by

Exploring Religiosity’s Influence on Crime.” The article debates the negative association with religion and crime in the United States and other Westernized civilizations. They used randomly selected participants from a Non-Western Christian context (Lviv, Ukraine) and Non-Western Islamic context from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Brauer and his team used several theoretical mechanisms such as self-control, negative emotions and moral beliefs in his study on these participants to observe their answers under these topics. Results showed that religion is negatively correlated with the likelihood of criminal activity among Christian and Muslim countries. It appeared to indirectly influence the crime rate through their moral beliefs. Five charts were created breaking down into the two countries of Bangladesh and Ukraine with several of the factors being the self-control, negative emotions and participant’s moral beliefs. Brauer, Tittle and Antonaccio’s use of randomization along with having two countries versus one small area, gave a more diversified outlook to the experiment unlike Shaw and her team; however, Brauer and his team stuck with only participants who were Non-Islamic and Non-Western Christian which takes away from the vast majority of

This research will be adopting the mixed method approach, as it will assist in gathering both qualitative and quantitative methods to ascertain the authenticity of information used. Any weaknesses in either of the research methods will be complemented and compensated by the other’s strength.

What these researchers have overlooked upon, is the impact that religion had on the families prior to the crimes occurring. There is also conflicting information regarding the temporal order of crime in this case as well. Christopher Hitchens, a researcher and atheist, believes that religion is the motivation of criminal activity. This, according to Hitchens, is a result of fervent religious belief, that in turn causes intolerance in which causes violence. But as with the hypotheses above, Hitchens has also lacked in the burden of proof within his inference. There must always be a baseline in which an analysist can compare two groups of individuals with criminality to the independent variables. If religion is connected as the cause of crime or vise versa, then a researcher must prove as much by showing two groups coming from both sides of the spectrum.

These three attempted to explain the social importance of religion, while only scratching the surface of its relationship to crime. Although they fail to adequately expand on the subject, the ideas of these influential thinkers represent some basic thoughts on the religious causes of crime, and they have led to successive investigations of religion and delinquency. Surprisingly, facts about crime and religion over the

Only 9 percent of the studies found no association or reported mixed findings, whereas only two studies found that religion was positively associated with a harmful outcome” (pg.120). Religion is a potent variable that tends to be related to lowering the possibility of crime (Johnson & Lang, 2011). Two sets of scientists assembled and examined a large number of empirical studies to determine the strength and nature of the relationship between religion and crime. In 2000, Johnson and his associates reviewed 40 studies examining the relationship between religion and crime between the years 1985 and 1997 (Johnson & Lang, 2011). They used a method called systematic review, which is a type of literature that reviews all of the journals in the social and behavioral sciences. Out of the 40 studies conducted on religion and crime they analyzed, 30 determined that religion led to decreases in multiple types of criminal and deviant behaviors. Therefore, Johnson and associates concluded that the research literature frequently has shown that religion leads directly or indirectly to a cutback in criminal and deviant behavior

k 5.3.3 Sample 5.3.4 Data collection (instruments, procedures, ethical issues) 5.3.5 Data analysis 5.4 The question of methodological expertise 5.5 Review concepts and questions Notes 6 Writing the Proposal 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Proposal headings 6.3 Qualitative proposals Notes 7 Tactics 7.1 Introduction 7.2 General tactical issues 7.3 Departmental (or University) guidelines 7.4 Getting started 7.4.1 The ‘two pager’

Data collection is a very essential aspect in all research studies. Normally, inaccurate data collection methods tend to have a very big impact to the results of the study and this eventually leads to invalid results. The data collection techniques in many cases vary along a continuum, for instance at one end of the continuum are the quantitative methods and techniques while of the other side are the qualitative techniques for data collection (Kuada, 2012). In both qualitative and quantitative techniques, there are there are various methods used for data collection. In qualitative research for instance, the various data collection techniques used include interviews, observations, and focus group discussions among other techniques. In this case, however, the most appropriate techniques especially in the qualitative research are focus group discussions and interviews on the other hand.

Data Collection is a vital aspect of any type of research study. Erroneous data collection can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results. Data collection methods for impact evaluation vary along a scale. At the one end of this scale are quantitative methods and at the other end of the scale are Qualitative methods for data collection. Choosing a particular data collection method will depend on the accuracy of information they will yield and the practical considerations, such as, the need for personnel, time, equipment and other facilities, in relation to what is available

Lewis (2015) determined that the research methods are used as the tools for the data collection process. There are various methods of collective data with respect to the research design selected. The selected research design to be applied to a study is cross-sectional design, which means that the sample would be used once for this research only, but the purpose could be continued to further researches in future. The research approach that has been chosen for this dissertation is qualitative because the method for the collection of the data is going to be questionnaire based. This would be leading to the analysis of the data collected through questionnaire. The