This Study Reports The Detection Of The Carbapenem Resistance

Unlike many environmental bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a remarkable capacity to cause disease in susceptible hosts. It has the ability to adapt to and thrive in many ecological niches, from water and soil to plant and animal tissues. The bacterium is capable of utilizing a wide range of organic compounds as food sources, thus giving it an exceptional ability to

Stover, C. K., Pham, X. Q., Erwin, A. L. Mizoguchi, S. D., Warrener, P. Hickey, M. J., Brickman, F.S. LOlson, M. V. (2000) Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen. Nature: International journal of science. Nature 406: 959-964. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079#main

Klebsiella pneumoniae (contributing the ‘K’ in the ESKAPE acronym) is a strain of bacteria that has recently developed resistance against a class of β-Lactam antibiotics developed from thienamycin (a naturally derived product, discovered in 1976, of Streptomyces cattleya) known as carbapenems. K. pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium compromised of straight rods 1-2 μm in length and contains lipolysaccarides (LPS) in its outer

As shown in Table 4, virulence determinants were more distributed among MSSA isolates. The eta exfoliative toxin was also found in 22.2% of MRSA isolates.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria, almost all strains of P. aeruginosa are motile (single polar flagella). The bacteria is capable of adapting to and therefore thriving in many different ecological environments (from water and soil to plant and animals) it also can utilize a variety of organic compounds as food sources, giving it the ability to colonize in places where nutrients are limited. It can cause a range of infections from pneumonia to the most serious cystic fibrosis. P. aeruginosa can form a biofilm that allows the bacteria to form a resistance to antibiotics. To this day there are conferences, websites, and microbiologists committed to the research and discovery of P. aeruginosa in the fight to discover and learn more about the bacteria and ways to fight its biofilm.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a frequent opportunist pathogen, which can cause infection virtually at any site of the body in immune compromised patients. Treatment of serious pseudomonal infection is difficult and mortality is significant. Antimicrobial combination therapy in such patients is designed to enhance the efficacy of the treatment and is to decrease the risk of development of drug resistance during therapy [11].

Since antibiotics, such as penicillin, became widely available in the 1940s, they have been called miracle drugs. They have been able to eliminate bacteria without significantly harming the other cells of the host. Now with each passing year, bacteria that are immune to antibiotics have become more and more common. This turn of events presents us with an alarming problem. Strains of bacteria that are resistant to all prescribed antibiotics are beginning to appear. As a result, diseases such as tuberculosis and penicillin-resistant gonorrhea are reemerging on a worldwide scale (1).

Escherichia coli (E.coli) is a bacterium mostly found in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals, and one of the most important causes of diarrhea worldwide. Its pathogenicity depends largely on the strain causing the infection. Although several strains of E.coli have been isolated over the years, the E coli 0157:H7 remains unarguably the strain with the most significant public health problems in the United State after its outbreak in 1982 (most other strains are harmless) 5. The EHEC O157:H7 can survive in unfavorable acidic environment (pH 4.4) and usually grows and withstand temperatures up to 50 degree Celsius, hence it is usually destroyed by a much higher temperature, as high as 70degree Celsius.

Bacterial Pathogens have been developing resistance to antibiotic treatment soon after these drugs were developed. Mutations in the genes of the bacteria allow it to survive despite being exposed to the medications designed to kill them. Through directional selection, the bell curve is shifted to a phenotype that is designed to survive in harsh conditions that would normally kill them.

Antibiotics are commonly used to treat bacterial infections in both humans and animals however the overuse and inappropriate prescription of antibiotics has caused a worldwide concern in antibiotic resistance (FDA, 2015). Antibiotic resistance is when bacteria is able to evolve in such a way enabling the bacteria to survive in the conditions it is in, consequently causing antibiotics being ineffective to the patient (CDC, 2013). Due to this issue implementations and actions have been taken to aid in the reduction of antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotic resistance occurs when antibiotics are no longer effective in controlling bacterial growth. The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance can be explained by the processes of selective pressure in which the strongest strains of bacteria survive antibiotic therapy, resulting in "superbugs" that are resistant to almost every type of antibiotic available for use (Davies & Davies, 2010). Because of this, certain bacterial infections are evolving that have no effective treatments. This resistance creates a threat to the common medicinal practices of today and can be seen as a global problem; perhaps one of the world's most serious problems. The issue of antibiotic resistance is emerging rapidly as a result of a myriad of uniformed practices and misuse of antibiotics.

Drug-resistance in bacteria is rapidly expanding with current levels of prevention being ineffective and the most potent antibiotics quickly becoming less effective. An important piece of the puzzle for preventing the expansion of drug resistance is to vigilantly watch for potential causes and effects of these organisms. Observation will provide new insight into the most effective methods to treat these disease-causing agents. Until recently, hospital- and community-acquired infections have been the primary focus in regards to drug-resistant bacteria; as a result livestock have been virtually ignored and these organisms have proliferated. One major player that has

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen. The bacteria can cause many problems in health care facilities, especially nosocomial infections. In recent years, P. aeruginosa showed multidrug resistance against routine antibiotics (1-4). Due to the role of the resistance and its ability in environmental adaptation, P. aeruginosa is widely distributed in hospitals (5). This problem is very acute in burn

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative, catalase, citrate, and oxidase positive, recognized by producing a blue green fluorescent pigment that commonly isolated from soil and water, water containing these bacteria can also contaminate food, and pharmaceutical products (Walker et al., 2004). It was reported that water with suboptimal levels of chlorine can collaborate the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Shrivastava and Upreti, 2004). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen capable of infecting both animals and humans , it is responsible for about 28% of bacteremia episodes, also a main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (Al-Daraghi and Wathiq Abbas , 2013) .

The occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens has gradually become a cause for serious concern that impends the effective prevention and treatment with regard to nosocomial infections. With this alarming cases, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recently identified antimicrobial resistance as an increasingly serious threat to global public health that requires action across all government sectors and society (Bassetti, Ginocchio, & Mikulska M, 2011). The most common and serious MDR pathogens have been comprehended within the acronym “ESKAPE,” – Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. (Howard, O'Donoghue, Feeney, & Sleator, 2012).