Thorium Chemistry

Back then, only torches, oil lamps, and candles were used for lights indoors and to aid travelers at night and in religious ceremonies.

Gallium is the element number 31. Gallium is the one of the only metal that will be liquid in your hand. Mercury is an liquid metal element number 80 that freezes at -280 degrees fairenheight with liquid nitrogen. Mercury was a popular thing to play with but people realized that they were slowly being poisoned by it.Gallium is not known to be toxic, but it can stain your hand dark brown. cesium is another metal that will literally melt in your hand but without putting it in an ampoule, it will explode and catch on fire. Gallium tends to be the less dangerous type of liquid metal other than explosive cesium to lethal mercury. Gallium melts at a temperatue of 83.4 fairenheight. In order to buy gallium you must first order it then, they must purize

Since the element is resistant to corrosion from things such as sea water and chlorine, it is often found being used in the industrial world. One of the most common places that Titanium is found is in desalination plants, which convert sea water into drinking water. The element is used in heat exchangers; if the heat exchangers were made of a different element they would need to be replaced more often due to corrosion. A very strong alloy is produced when Titanium is combined with iron, aluminum, vanadium, and molybdenum. This alloy is found in large items such as: jet engines, missiles, spacecraft, military equipment, and even automobiles. The alloy is also used in many things that we are known to love. Americans usually carry items with them everyday that are made up of this alloy. For example, right now in my car I have many items that are made up of the alloy such as: jewelry, a cell phone, and a football helmet grill (History of Titanium).

Barium is a soft silver that is alkaline earth metal. Barium is never found in nature as a free element. The two of the most commonly natural occurring minerals of barium are as followed: barite, and witherite, they both very insoluble in water . Barium was soon identified as a new element back in 1774. Barium ended up not being reduced until 1808. Barium was beginning to be used as a “getter” for different vacuum tubes. Many barium compounds are added to fireworks so that the green color of fireworks can be seen. Barium is to be known as a insoluble additive to many oil wells and drilling fluids. The soluble barium ion and soluble compounds are extremely poisonous,

Due to its stable half life, Nickel- 58 is proven to be natural. Moreover, due to it being a stable isotope, it will not go through radioactive decay. Nickel-58 can be found in the Earth’s crust (it makes up .01 -. 02 %), earth’s core and as well as meteorites where it is found coexisted with iron. Many experts believe the core is primarily made up of nickel and iron. It can also be created through fusion, the combining of of lighter atomic nuclei to form a heavy nucleus. The discovery of Nickel is a story of mistaken identity and superstition. During the 1600s, German miners were sent to find copper, but instead came upon a previously unknown nickel. Fast forward 100 years, in 1751, the Swedish alchemist, named Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt attempted to heat kupfernickel with charcoal and discovering its many properties, for instance it being white and magnetic, clearly revealing this was not copper. Cronstedt is credited as the first person to extract nickel and seperate it as a new

It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the most abundant metal there.We know that metals are made from ores, which are mined from rocks. Well, aluminium is also made from an ore. It's called bauxite and is a reddish-brown colour. It's found in many countries including Australia,Jamaica and Africa.The metallic element aluminum is the third most plentiful element in the earth's crust, comprising 8% of the planet's soil and rocks (oxygen and silicon make up 47% and 28%, respectively). In nature, aluminum is found only in chemical compounds with other elements such as sulphur, silicon, and oxygen. Pure, metallic aluminum can be economically produced only from aluminum oxide ore.Metallic aluminum has many properties that make it useful in a wide range of applications. It is lightweight, strong, nonmagnetic, and nontoxic. It conducts heat and electricity and reflects heat and light. It is strong but easily workable, and it retains its strength under extreme cold without becoming brittle. The surface of aluminum quickly oxidizes to form an invisible barrier to corrosion. Furthermore, aluminum can easily and economically be recycled into new

Element 95 on the periodic table, Americium was recognised in November 1945 by a chemist Glenn Seaborg who discovered the element as well as co-discovering ten other elements including Plutonium.1 The chemical element americium has atomic number 95 and an atomic weight of 243. Americium is a malleable, silvery white metal that tarnishes slowly in dry air at room temperature. . There are several known isotopes of americium and all of them are radioactive, the most stable being Americium -243 with a half-life of over 7500 years, although most common being Americium -241 with a half-life of 432.7 years, .2, 3, 4. Some of the isotopes of Americium include Am -237, Am- 238, Am -239, Am-240, Am-241, Am-242, Am-242m, Am-243, Am-244, Am-245 and Am-246.

Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan, and Arthur Wahl discovered it in 1940.

It is used where high strength and low weight are required as Al has a density around one third of steel.

Tritium (hydrogen 3) is one of the many isotopes of hydrogen. Tritium was discovered by physicists Ernest Rutherford, M. L. Oliphant, and Paul Harteck, in 1934, when they bombarded deuterium with high-energy deuterons (nuclei of deuterium atoms).

First of all, the name of this element is Boron. Its symbol is just, “B”. Boron is in group 13 of the periodic table which is called, “The Boron Group”, since Boron is the first element of group 13. It is also a Period 2 element. Boron is a solid. It also has 2 energy shells. Boron’s atomic number is 5 and its atomic mass is 10.811 atomic mass units. Also, it has 5 protons, 5 electrons, and 6 neutrons. It is a powder, but the powder is still a solid. It has a color that you can see in iron fillings - sort of like graphite from the lead in a pencil. The graphite of

Astatine is a very rare radioactive chemical element with the chemical symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on Earth as the decay product of various heavier elements. All its isotopes are short-lived, with half-lives of 8.1 hours or less. Elemental astatine has never been viewed because a mass large enough to be seen by the naked eye would be immediately vaporized by its radioactive heating. The bulk properties of astatine are not known with any certainty, but they have been predicted based on its similarity to the other halogens, the lighter elements directly above it in the periodic table: fluorine, chlorine, bromine and especially iodine. It is likely to have a dark or lustrous appearance and may be a semiconductor or possibly a metal;

Ever since its discovery in 1804 by William Hyde Wollaston it has always held the status as a fairly ordinary element. Rhodium was discovered when Wollaston was working in his lab in England, studying an ore of platinum from South America. He found a rose coloured compound on the ore, and later discovered that it was Rhodium chloride. “The name Rhodium was chosen because of the rose colour. In greek rhodon means rose.” said Brian Payne in a press conference regarding the missing Rhodium “However we want everyone to know that pure Rhodium is not rose coloured, and it is lustrous and silvery white” he continued. Ever since its discovery the rare and elusive Rhodium has been used in many things in our everyday lives. Sadly the main use of Rhodium does not involve using its shiny lustrous property. 80% of all Rhodium mined, and extracted from platinum ore is used in catalytic converters in cars in order to reduce harmful pollution from exhausts. Rhodium is also used as an alloying agent to harden, and improve corrosion resistance of Platinum and Palladium. Nevertheless some Rhodium still gets to display is shine in certain uses. Rhodium is used on jewelry to give it the highly sought after platinum look, and for mirroring light in bright searchlights.

Explain the decay process that applies to the use of this radioisotope. Include a labelled diagram (a paragraph)

Thorium is a silvery radioactive metal which was discovered in 1828 and is relatively common in nature (see fig. 1) (World Nuclear Association). According to the World Nuclear Association, thorium is about three times more abundant than uranium; an average average soil sample contains about 3ppm thorium, making the element about as common as lead. In nature, thorium occurs only as Th-232, which has a half-life of about 3 times the age of the earth (World Nuclear Association). Thorium has found use in the past in some objects such as light bulbs, lantern mantels, and some ceramics as thorium oxide because of its exceptionally high melting point (see fig. 2) (World Nuclear Association).