Thorndike 's Theory Of Verbal Behavior, Comparative Psychology, Intelligence Testing, And The Application Of Quantitative Measure

When comparing Alfred Binet and Lewis Terman on their approaches to intelligence testing there are some similarities amongst the two. One such similarity would be regarding content. Alfred Binet’s approach to intelligence testing consisted of tests that ranged in difficulty levels from easy to hard. These tests required one to demonstrate his or her own cognitive ability, decision making, and verbal skills. Lewis Terman’s approach to intelligence testing was an updated version of Binet’s. Terman also used cognitive ability, decision making, and verbal skills in his testing; however, he added mathematics, attention span, and processing skills. However, their purposes for intelligence testing were quite different from one another. Alfred

When one speaks of intelligence or how bright another person is, the often quoted figure is the IQ or intelligence quotient. It is the most often used standard of how smart a person is. This paper shall look at what intelligence tests measure, how the IQ tests measure intelligence and interrogate their history. It shall then apply the tests to school policy and hence evaluate their validity.

The name of the test is The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). It was revised and developed so that it could update item content so that it could provide new standards, and so that it would still be effective as a basic tool of intelligence and an effective analytical and research tool. The purpose of this study were to determine the constructs measured by the test and the reliability of measurement across large normative and clinical models. It was intended to be a wide-ranging test of cognitive skills for adults for people over the age of sixteen. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised is an Intelligence quotient

From birth throughout adulthood, our behavior changes as we learn new things. For example, I am going 65 mph on the I-95 towards Philadelphia and a car in the right lane cuts short in front of me, I am able use my fast reflexes to step on the brakes just in time so that I do not hit the back of the car. There are three different types of learning: associative, non-associative, and observational. Associative learning is when we form connections between stimuli, and behaviors. This type of learning helps us to predict the future based on past history. Associative learning is broken down into two subcategories: conditioning and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, connections are made between pairs of stimuli that happen sequentially in time. For example, if someone sees a bee of the first time and then gets stung, a connection is made between seeing the bee and the pain of the sting. In order to understand the method of classical conditioning, you must know the difference between conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. A conditioned stimulus deals with an important environmental event that is

To begin, the problem of educational inequality has been a conundrum plaguing American society for decades. How is it that our international counterparts in Asia are educating their children in grades K-12 better than us, yet we have the best Universities in the world? Extensive tests reveal that in many subjects (particularly math) many Asian students are outperforming their American equivalents. This is in part due to the fact that Asian countries are collectivistic in nature. The community at large has a vested stake in the education of its younger children. As a result, the community helps in both education and corrective action. America is individualistic however. In many instances, we simply look out for our own constituents irrespective of how that action might affect others. This concept can be applied to American education as we often only care about our own children without regard to how other children will affect the world we like in. Many individuals are simply content with putting individuals in jail as oppose to helping educate them as a community for example. Individualism is varied by nature. As such, there is no one unique form of childhood educations that will encompass all individuals within society. In fact, due primarily to individualism learning techniques must subsequently be catered to the individual. This is the primary reason that the learning approaches designated by Howard Gardner best align with my personal view of childhood

The issue of cultural bias in intelligence tests sparks debates every time the latter is created or administered, resulting to many researches into how the reliability and validity of an ability test may differ when assessed on groups from different cultural-linguistic backgrounds. The aim of this study is to test the reliability and validity of the PSYGAT Verbal IQ Test on university students from English-speaking backgrounds (ESB) and non-English speaking backgrounds (NESB) in relation to the Queendom Verbal IQ Test and Cultural Fair IQ Test. 445 third year psychology students aged 19 to 62 were involved in this

Behaviourists use two types of processes to explain how people learn: classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov) and operant conditioning (Frederic Skinner).In classic conditioning, individuals learn to associate stimuli when they occur together to a response. Therefore individuals learn to produce an existing response to a stimulus that is presented. Take for instance little Albert. The little boy that was classically conditioned to respond with anxiety to the stimulus of a white ray by Watson and Rayner.

How is intelligence measured? How is it possible to just have one way to measure intelligence? Is there really only one way to measure every individual’s intelligence? According to psychologists Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg there is. Gardner and Sternberg have developed two different theories to do so. Howard Gardner’s theory of intelligence is the way in which one carries out life goals. Gardner chose eight abilities that held to meet criteria: linguistic (speak and write well), logical-mathematical (use logical and mathematical skills to solve problems such as scientific quotations), spatial (think and reason about objects in three dimensional space), musical (preform, understand and enjoy music), bodily-kinesthetic (manipulate

Psychology tells us that a human can learn various skills in two different ways, which are: Associative Learning and Observational Learning. Associative learning strikes a person when he or she makes a connection between two results or events, whereas observational learning arises when the person observes and imitates other people’s skills and

After associating the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the sound of the bell alone will start to evoke salivating as a response. The sound of the bell is now known as the conditioned stimulus and salivating in response to the bell is known as the conditioned response (Cherry, 2014) . The term operant conditioning, first came on the scene by Edward Thorndike. Edward Thorndike is famous in psychology for his work on learning theory that lead to the development of operant conditioning within behaviorism. However, “B.F. Skinner is responsible for expanding the field of behaviorism after the early work of E.L. Thorndike, and his law of effect. Skinner divided behaviorism into respondent conditioning and operant conditioning, the latter of which he defined as explaining how the consequence of a behavior controlled the future occurrence of that same behavior. Skinner believed all behavior could be explained by an action performed and the valence of its consequence. Skinner's most famous research studies were simple reinforcement experiments conducted on lab rats and domestic pigeons, which demonstrated the most basic principles of operant conditioning. His work remains extremely influential in the worlds of psychology, behaviorism, and education” (Boundless, 2014). The term operant conditioning, was latter coined by B.F. Skinner. Skinner’s work with operant theory was built off of Edward Thorndike’s theory. (McLeod S. A., 2007). Operant conditioning, is also

The search of information of this study yield the correlation between music education, musical training, and musical experience of children and the ability that music have on the enhancement of children learning ability in the areas of auditory perception, reading related skills, verbal and nonverbal reasoning. The participants in this research are children between the ages of 3 to 10 year old and are all elementary school aged children.

An estimated 62.7$ billion per year is paid by society for the care and treatment of people with schizophrenia even though they only make up .4% of the population leading to the need for further study of schizophrenia (Moore et al., 2013). Three researchers from Alliant International University and two researchers from University of California San Diego; Moore, Viglione, Rosenfarb, Patterson and Mausbach, decided to look at the relationships between “thought disorder, psychological complexity, and interpersonal representations with daily and social functioning in people with schizophrenia” (2013). Moore et. Al. (2013) start their article, “Rorschach measures of cognition relate to everyday and social functioning in schizophrenia” by explaining why their investigation into thought disorder is warranted using previous findings and what they hope to get out of this qualitative study.

Upon completing the Intelligence Assessment, the results concluded I have room for improvement for others emotions. One way I can honestly say I can improve this area is by being more sensitive to others feelings and emotions. I am the type of person when I have my mind made up for something and others don’t seem to agree, I could care less about what they feel or think. In other to improve this area, when dealing with these types of situations, I think I should think twice before reacting and I should also think about it from both perspectives.

Psychology is a broad subject filled with many different theories, several theories of which that were particularly interesting fall under the topic “The Learning Perspective”. In fact, Learning is described as the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or by being taught. This paper takes a leap further into the psychology and true meaning behind the Learning Perspective, as well as its Biological Importance in our everyday lives. The ideology behind his perspective basically revolves around the idea that behavior is trained, conditioned, reinforced and essentially reflexive. Two of the main theories are listed as follows; The Behaviorism theory and The Cognitive theory. Each theory draws a clear distinction about its differences and similarities with its connection to stimuli. For example, in both sub theories, such as Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning, an action is done and a specific response is given. What sets both theories apart are the positivity or negativity of the reward for the action. From this paper, the importance of Learning is discussed as well as the effectiveness of the different theories and its principles that define and set each other apart.

Using examples of both classical and operant conditioning, discuss the contributions and limitations of learning theory for the understanding of behaviour (Schacter et al., 2nd Ed, Chapter 6, also see Chapter 1 for historical context)