Three Dimensional Facial Reconstruction ( Gupta Et Al

Law enforcement agencies have relied on forensic art as one of their investigation methods for many years. The job of a forensic artist is quite difficult because he or she must reconstruct an image of an individual based on just hearsay and memory from another individual. The purpose of this study is to research forensic artists, also known as sketch artists, and their ability to draw up a suspect through the information provided by a witness. Interviews on two different forensic artists provide insight of the duties and hardships a law enforcement sketch artist takes on. The process of how law enforcement sketch artists are able to recreate the face of another individual, and how that picture can be a very useful piece of evidence for crime reports will also be addressed throughout the study. This study is relevant to anthropology because it touches on how how an individual perceives those around them and forensics itself is also one of the key topics discussed in biological anthropology.

Computer reconstruction uses 3D technology to get a visual of the face while most use clay models a bad side to computer reconstruction is that you have to adjust the picture to make sure it is for sure.

Facial reconstruction is used as a last resort to identify remains by placing clay atop the skeleton in hopes of reconstructing what that person may look like to get a possible identification. They would gather average tissue thickness from the ethnicity, gender, and age (children, teens, and adults) and apply it to the skull according to the correct gender,

Neanderthals were a species of archaic humans who migrated out of Africa and into Europe and Asia. However, around 40,000 years ago the large populations of Neanderthals died off and became extinct. The mysterious circumstances that surrounded their extinction drove various research teams to undertake the task of excavating numerous Neanderthal sites to collect fossilized bones, and artifacts in order to learn more about this group of ancestral humans. Over the past years, major technological advances have allowed researches to analyze the fossilized remains of the Neanderthals which led to major discoveries. For example, researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology found that the ear ossicles of Neanderthals and modern humans had similar functions but differed in terms of structure. In the study, the researchers used high-resolution computer tomography (CT) to scan numerous Neanderthal skulls from different sites in order to determine if there are ossicles present in the middle ear cavity (tympanic membrane). The scans revealed ossicles in fourteen different skulls which came as a surprise to the researchers since the bones of the ossicles are fragile and break down easily in the soil. The researchers then used microcomputed tomography scans and 3D geometric morphometrics in order to virtually reconstruct the bones of the ossicles which are composed of the malleus, incus and stapes. The 3D reconstructions of the ossicles allowed the scientists to

The interorbital features method utilizes a specialized coordinate caliper called a simometer (see Appendix I for image) and involves a set of six measurements taken from the midfacial skeleton, followed by computation of three indices: maxillofrontal, zygoorbital, and alpha. The three indices are calculated by dividing three breadth measurements into their corresponding subtense measurements, then multiplying by 100 (Gill et al. 1988). The six measurements as described by Gill et al. (1988) are summarized in detail below, and images of the technique follow (Figure 1).

The first was length of brain case, length of face, head balancing index( brain case/face), distant between eyes, and canine gap and we would average them. The first skull we did was the A.Afarensis length of brain case and got 49.91mm. Then the length of the face we got 121.12 we took these two number and divided them and got .41 mm. We then moved down to the distance between the eyes and there is a 19.87 mm gap between the eyes.

This technique involves science and art as it guesses on how the soft tissues may have fitted on the skull based on skull characteristics, sex, and race. The facial sculpting uses molding clay to create a modal of what the victim may have looked like in life. However, if this fails we could use carbon-14 dating. Carbon- 14 dating deals with the radiocarbon found in the air we breathe due to the above ground nuclear testing increase; teeth grown in intervals and absorb these microscopic molecules. In adults they can help date time of birth within a 1.5 range which can allow for investigators to search for hospitals that apply to the year of birth with the other evidence such as race, sex, age, ect to help narrow the search. Additionally, another test we could use called bone analysis. It is a basic test because, simply put, it is the observation of the bones. Bone analysis permits the collecting of past injuries to the bone such as a broken femur or a fracture to the occipital region of the skull that could be used to slim down the search among missing persons. Thus, allowing investigators to exclude missing persons who do not have these past injuries to the bone and focus on whose who's families have reported that they

This paper will focus mainly on the history and the various techniques that forensic facial reconstruction has to offer. It will also go over some problems or an issue that is process has faced over the years. The Daubert Standard will discuss and how facial reconstruction was allowed as evidence thru this standard. I will go over all the periods of time that facial reconstruction was used. Computerized and Clay reconstruction will be discussed and how they have help investigators solved current and cold case crimes.

It has been shown that the skull has the second greatest degree of sexual dimorphism with reported accuracies for sex determination as high as 77% (Stewart, 1979), 80-90% (Hanihara, 1959; Krogman, 1962; Cox and Mays, 2000) and even >95% (Baughan and Demirjian, 1978; Briggs, 1998; Franklin, Freedman and Milne, 2005; Kimmerle, Ross and Slice, 2008). However, it is thought that novice forensic anthropologists might report lower accuracies than these since, for example Stewart (1979) and Krogman (1962) had highly experienced participants analysing the skeletal remains. Moreover, some disagree that the skull is the second most sexually dimorphic and argue that certain postcranial measurements for example of the long bones, fare

shape of our face is the shape of our skull, our lips retreat back from

A study co-authored by Lauren Gonzales of Duke University and Fred Spoor of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology sheds some light on some long-held secrets of the ancient skull. Prior to their research, it was commonly thought and generally accepted that primate brains first grew in size, and then in complexity. However, the 3-D brain image that they were able to construct after using

The first five chapters of the Human Figure by John H. Vanderpoel attempt to dissect the various features that make up the human head. Chapter I discusses the eyes, chapter 2 the nose, chapter three the mouth and chin, chapter four the ear and chapter five the head. In each chapter, Vanderpoel describes what he has observed to be true about each feature. I find Vanderpoel descriptions the most helpful when he discusses the planes that make up each individual aspect of the face and head, and how those planes relate to each other. I am interested less in the small details about the folds of the eyelid as he describes in chapter I, and more in learning to visualize the a face as being composed of simple surfaces.

Kakadiaris et al. [21] addressed the problem of deformation caused by large expression by fitting an annotated face model on facial surface. This model is well suited to study geometrical variability across faces and hence can model the deformation of face. Here the face annotation is fully automatic and they used advanced multistage alignment algorithms for matching the faces. The annotated face model is deformed elastically to fit each face, thus matching different anatomical areas such as the nose, eyes, and mouth. This work is able to recognize faces in presence facial expressions and it also provides invariance to 3D capture devices through suitable preprocessing steps. Here scalability in both time and space is achieved by converting

Nevertheless, you may borrow my copy of "A Systematic Approach towards Animagus-Transfiguration". I don't see why you would need it for the homework I assigned, but I am curious to read your

The next specialized personnel that I would utilize would be that of the sketch artist. This individual is very important to the investigation. The sketch artist is responsible for focusing on facial features as they interview informants, asking them to choose from examples of noses, eyes, mouths, foreheads and chins. Sketching is mostly done by hand, but forensic artists specializing in age progression may use computer graphic programs.