Three Main Energy Systems

As stated before the three energy systems used by the body are the ATP-PC, anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic system. The ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolysis system (also known as lactic acid system) are anaerobicly based meaning that they don’t need a sufficient amount of oxygen to produce ATP. The aerobic system requires oxygen to produce ATP hence its name. All three system have fuels’ which produce energy. The ATP-PC uses phoso creatine and creatine phosphate, the lactic acid system uses glycogen and the aerobic system uses glycogen and triglycerides . Glycolysis refers to the breaking down of glycogen to from glucose which is used in ATP.

For needed energy, a molecule of glucose is broken down through a process called glycolysis to form 2 ATP’s. The by-product is lactic acid. During intense, anaerobic muscle activity, anaerobic hydrolysis occurs. The Cori Cycle is activated to recycle the accumulated lactic acid back into useable energy. The lactic acid travels through the bloodstream to the oxygen-rich liver and is converted back to glucose by a process called gluconeogenesis. The glucose is then returned to the muscle to resupply it with energy. This conversion process uses up 6 ATP’s to make 2 ATP’s for the muscle to reuse. This creates a net loss of 4 ATP’s. The Cori cycle is meant to be a temporary shift of energy production from the oxygen-depleted muscles to the liver.

Alactic System- This energy system is the first one that arises from exercising and it is the dominant source of energy coming from the muscles. High

The body uses different energy systems depending on the duration of the exercise. If the exercise is for a long period, the body will use the aerobic energy system. This system produces the most energy for the body, using oxygen. An example of an exercise that uses

Chapter 4 of our textbook (OpenStax College, 2013, p. 116) explained the processes of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron receptor, whereas anaerobic respiration uses an inorganic molecule to complete the process. In addition, Chapter 4 (OpenStax College, 2013, p. 114) also illustrated the molecular breakdown involved in lactic acid fermentation. This process occurs when skeletal muscles have reached the point of fatigue and lack oxygen. Chapter 2 (OpenStax College, 2013, p. 45) introduced ATP and its importance of providing energy to cells in living organisms.

When the condition of lacking glucose and more ATP is needed for functioning is occurring, glycogen will be broken down into glucose, and then glucose will be going through glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport system. The process that link glycolysis in Krebs cycle is called as oxidative decarboxylation (Lee, 2009). The glycolysis of glucose will used up 2ATP molecules to produce 2 pyruvic acid (C3) and 4ATP (net gain= 2ATP), followed by the Krebs citric acid cycle that used up 2 pyruvic acid (C3) to produce 2 sets of 3CO_2 + 4NADH + FADH_2 + ATP and other molecules (net gain= 6NADH + 6H^+ + 2FADH_2 + 2ATP + 4CO_2)

The three energy systems, ATP-PC, Anaerobic Glycolysis, and Aerobic do not function independently; they all work together through the process of interplay to provide energy These three energy systems contribution varies depending on the intensity and duration of the exercise. The process of interplay refers to the dominant energy system at any given time during an event. ATP refers to adenosine triphosphate which is the source of energy that is used for any movement. ATP-PC, Anaerobic, and Aerobic all work together to rebuild what is referred to as ATP.

Amount of ATP produced - The anaerobic glycolytic system produces a lot of power, but

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration that constitutes the most carbohydrate catabolism which means breaking down larger molecules into smaller types. The whole point of glycolysis is really to produce energy for the cell; therefore the first step of respiration is glycolysis. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and forms pyruvate with the production of two molecules of ATP. If oxygen is present than pyruvate cannot be used in anaerobic respiration, so glycolysis only occurs under aerobic conditions. Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen while anaerobic respiration or fermentation does not. The product of fermentation process is CO2 and ethanol from pyruvate. Fermentation is how alcohol is made as ethanol is the drinking alcohol.

The first of the three energy pathways is the phosphagen pathway. This pathway is a combination of creatine phosphate and a fast rate of ATP production. The creatine phosphate reconstructs ATP after it’s broken down to release the energy. Two exercises that utilize this pathway would be a short sprint or a set of lifting weights. The second energy pathway on the list is the anaerobic glycolosis. This pathway uses the energy in glucose to form the ATP. This requires energy for 30 seconds to about 3 minutes max so two exercises that would utilize this would be a longer sprint like a 400 meter dash or something like using battle ropes for a 2 minute set. And finally the third energy pathway is the aerobic glycolosis. It requires oxygen to produce

The body has three energy systems, one for power, one for speed, and one for endurance. For power activities, the body uses the ATP-PC system, for speed the glycolytic system is used, and for endurance the oxidative system is used. The first system, the ATP-Pc system, is short immediate energy, which lasts about 2-15 seconds, in the absence of oxygen (Brooks, Fahye, & Baldwin, 2005). This energy comes from intra-muscular sources of ATP and PCr. The ATP is degraded to ADP to release energy, and PCr helps prevent ATP depletion. The three phosphate bonds are at a high energy state, and when they are broken they release energy, as they go into a lower energy state which is ADP (Khan Academy). This large amount of short lived energy is used in

The body derives it 's energy from four key fuels 1) glucose 2)proteins 3) free fatty acids 4) ketones. The primary determinant of the fuel utilized is the availability of carbohydrate. The body has three storage units that can be utilized during times of calorie deprivation: 1) carbohydrate, which is sotred in liver and the muscles 2) protein, which can be converted to glucose in the liver 3) fat, which is stored primarily in adipose tissue. Under specific conditions a fourth fuel comes into play -ketones which are derived from the incomplete breakdown of free fatty acids. Under normal dietary conditions ketones play a minimal role in energy prodcition. During times of Low carb dieting or starvation diets ketones impact energy production significantly.

Although hockey is primarily an anaerobic sport, a strong aerobic base allows you to work longer and at a higher intensity by postponing fatigue and allowing a speedy recovery. The aerobic system provides energy for low- and moderate- intensity exercise and helps the body recover from fatigue. For example, a 1-hr bike ride at a comfortable pace is fueled mainly by the aerobic system. Hockey is characterized by repeated bursts of high- intensity action intertwined with periods of moderate activity and rest. The aerobic energy system supplies only a small portion of the energy needed during moderate activity, but it is critical for efficient recovery between play stoppages and during time on the bench.On the other side of things, the anaerobic systems produce energy very quickly to meet the demands of intense action, such as the slap-shot, sprinting on a breakaway, or stops-and- starts while penalty killing. These systems utilize the ATP-PC (phosphagen) system and the glycolytic system for energy. In hockey, although the game itself lasts for about an hour, the players are usually only on the ice for high- intensity shifts of approximately 30 to 45 seconds ideally. Due to the nature of hockey, it is important to train anaerobically.The ATP-PC system provides immediate energy, in the form of ATP, for short-term, high- intensity activities for up to 10 seconds. The glycolytic system

System uses phosphate creatine as the main energy sources from your muscles allowing ATP resynthesis producing power and acceleration. In this event, system provides immediate energy from the breakdown of high energy phosphate for maximum intensity lasting for approx 5-10 seconds. this is displayed when diving off the block and beginning the underwater work before breaking the water. This system does not produce any by products however it’s not efficient due to the short lasting supply of PC. After 10 seconds, the lactate system becomes more dominant.

All three of your energy systems ultimately run on ATP: It’s the fuel source for all your physical functions, from eating to breathing to running hill sprints. Your glycolytic and oxidative systems (which we’ll cover shortly) make most of this ATP to order, cobbling it together from the food you eat and the air you breathe as need arises.