Three Ohmic Contact Metallization Schemes

The aim of this experiment was to measure the angle between a metal surface and a liquid droplet using a CCD camera and optics. This experiment also investigated how metal surfaces coated with single-molecule layers of functionalized alkanethiols and alkanethiols alter the wetting behavior and metal surface energy.

One is to determine the gap energy of cadmium sulfide semiconductor thin film using the equation: Eg = h.c/

While the basic metal tier system may cover a good portion of the general care, there is a serious gap in the coverage for medicine. 54% of the silver health plans offered have a separate drug deductibles. In addition, 72% of those plans require coinsurance after that deductible for the highest tier drugs. The price for any treatment also varies significantly by plan and by state. This presents special difficulties for cancer patients who lack the information to compare different plans. Unpredictable prices for treatment exacerbate the financial burden of trying to pay for their medicine. One of easiest ways mitigate costs for cancer patients is to amend the way in which drugs classified. Under the essential benefits provision, all health care

Solar modules that consist of glass and cadmium telluride when combined convert sun light into electricity

Nanosolar is a start-up company and expects to be one of the first manufacturers to produce thin-film solar panels using copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) technology. Nanosolar is focused on selling a single type of thin-film Photovoltaic (PV) module called the “Nanosolar Utility Panel”. The utility panel is 50% less energy efficient than c-Si modules, but being 90% less expensive to produce.

The construction of LEDs is similar to microelectronics. A microelectronic is the design and use of microchips and microcircuits. In LED lights, unlike microelectronics, there are functional requirements, materials, and interfaces that makes failure unique. This means that academic research is required on LED failure mechanisms and reliability to help LED developers focus on resources in an effective way. The reliability information provided by the LED manufacturers is not mature enough to be useful to most consumers and end product

Electricity generation and storage plays a vital part of space missions. Without which space exploration would not be possible. Beginning in the 1950’s, ‘Sputnik 1’ used batteries as its only power supply, since then the methods of electricity generation to power spacecrafts have developed and improved immensely, branching out to solar and nuclear systems.

Introduction: The tradition solar cells have many faults and are dangerous to the environment. The TSC gives out a lot of pollution through its waste such as silicon tetrachloride. Also, when the reactors need to be cleaned several harmful greenhouse gases are used. The eye sensitized solar cells that are being designed in this lab are much cleaner for the environment. No waste is produced and no harmful gases are need to clean them.

Solar cell or photovoltaic (PV) systems usually transformed energy from the sun in to electric current. It can be measured in terms of ‘‘conversion efficiency’’, the proportion of solar energy transformed to electricity. (Henderson, Conkling, & Roberts, 2007) Sunpower primarily focused on the production of solar cell. But by moving in to wafer manufacturing it soon incorporated in to manufacturing of solar power module units. In general Sunpower manufacturing process needed approximately two times as many steps as the usual solar manufacturing process need and many of these steps were distinctive to Sunpower. Sunpower has nearly 15 -20 established cell manufactures, a handful of silicon – based cell manufacturing upstarts and a number of thin film solar companies offering potentially unsettling technologies.

Solar energy is one of the most used energy sources that all living things depend upon. Man has been able to capture some of the sun’s energy and uses it for cooking, heating and to power everyday appliances. Solar energy technologies have come a long way. Solar cells, commonly referred to as photovoltaic cells, transform the solar energy into electrical energy. Owing that solar energy is renewable and could be the most dependable source of electricity, it is worthwhile to drive the production costs further down to enable growth in the photovoltaic manufacturing sector. Research in the solar cell manufacturing field indicates that influences

56 Finally, the experimental and theoretical studies of Ref. 15 57 investigated the SEE yield from a micro-pores metal array, 58 and demonstrated a strong dependence of the SEE yield on 59 the micro-pore geometry and a number of micro-pores per 60 unit area of the array. They predicted and demonstrated a 61 45% reduction of the SEE yield as compared to the Ag sur- 62 face for an optimized array. 63 Unlike a majority of the previous studies of SEE yield 64 from the architecture surfaces with low aspect ratio surface 65 non-uniformities (e.g., roughened surface) (AR  h/r<10 66 2, where AR is the aspect ratio of a surface non-uniformity, h 67 and r are the characteristic length and diameter of this non-

This paper will present the degradation of solar cell performance when exposed to solar wind in space, particularly in the Van Allen belt region. Also, solar cell theory is mathematically modeled and described using Matlab simulation software accompanied by the SRIM software to generate the targeting data. Follow with the degradation modeling of Si, InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction space solar cells when are exposed to high energy charged particles, especially protons and electrons in the Mega-electron-Volt range. In this model, carrier removal rate of the base layer and damage coefficient of minority carrier diffusion length in each sub-cell are considered as radiation degradation parameters. In addition, this paper will present the status of high radiation-resistant solar cells made from Si, InGaP/GaAs/Ge for space application to guarantee the successful operation of the satellite.

Roger A.Hinriches and Merlin Kleinbach (2006) declared (claimed) that “every day the earth surface receives thousands of times more energy from the Sun than it consumed in all other resources”. Cleanliness, availability and renewability of solar energy make it virtually ideal. (Grant E.Gardner, 2008). The use of solar energy for production of electricity is based on the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect is a process, when light strikes certain metals and, as a result, electrons are emitted from the metal surface. (Hugh D.Young, Roger A.Freedman 2008). Photovoltaic cells (PV), known as solar cells, are devices which collect radiation energy in the form of sunlight and convert into electricity. Solar cells are made of semiconducting materials, especially silicon. Silicon absorbs photons of light which strike the cells. The energy of the absorbed light transfers to the silicon semiconductor, after that this energy pushes electrons out. This is why the can flow freely which leads to the emergence of electric current. The electrical energy from solar cells can then be used directly. However, considerable amount of solar energy on PV cells

The mean irradiance for HT group at the recommended temperature decreases from 331.77 mW/cm2 to 188 mW/cm2 as the tackiness increases from 1 to 2mm. The mean irradiance for LT group decreases from 276.2 mW/cm2 to 121.17 mW/cm2 as the thickness increase from 1 to 2. There are statistically significant differences among the thickness group within the HT group and the same observation is seen in LT group (Fig 11). The result is expected since higher material thickness absorbs more light and result in lower light transmission. More importantly, there is a statistically significant difference between HT group and LT group in all thickness groups, which is indicating a fundament difference in the light transmission between two materials and is discussed later in this thesis (Table V, VI).

Surface roughness has become the most significant functional requirement and it is an index of the product quality. In order to increase the efficiency of hard to machine alloys like titanium and nickel alloys, an Electro Chemical Honing (ECH) process has been employed to achieve highest material removal rate with the best surface qualities. This extended abstract describes the design and fabrication of an indigenously developed tooling setup for ECH of external cylindrical surfaces of Titanium alloys (TI 6AL 4V) and also highlights the key process parameters and their affect on ECH process. The influence of the machining parameters on the surface finish has been investigated and optimized the process parameters for improving the surface roughness is also evaluated. Percentage improvements in surface roughness values Ra and other parameters like electrolyte temperature, composition and concentration were studied while changing the processing time (PT). And also the study of surface characteristics of micro and macro level and micro hardness too examined.