Thrombosis Research Paper

There are three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries are vessels that usually carry highly oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the rest of the body. (The pulmonary trunk and related arteries are exceptions, as they actually carry blood from the lungs toward the heart.) Because arteries must transport high volumes of blood being forcefully pumped out by the heart and must therefore withstand greater pressure, most have thick, muscular walls and are more flexible as well. Arterioles, smaller types of arteries with thinner walls, branch off of the arteries to carry blood to another type of vessel, called the capillary. Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body. Thinner and smaller than the other blood vessels, the role of capillaries is to exchange substances like water, gases, chemicals, nutrients, wastes, etc. with the tissues of the body. The third type of blood vessel is the vein. Although they are generally larger than the other blood vessels, veins tend to have thinner, less flexible walls, as they are not forced to deal with such high blood pressures. Venules (veins’ versions of arteries’ arterioles) connect the capillaries to the veins, which then transport blood back

Patients who experience prolonged bed rest, older than 40, and are obese are even more likely to develop pulmonary embolism as a secondary diagnosis. Predisposing disorders that can increase the risk of pulmonary embolism are cardiac arrhythmia, lung disorders, cardiac disorders, diabetes mellitus, and more (Wolters Kluwer, 2017).

Blood being carried by the veins is deoxygenated blood, blood that is high in carbon dioxide

I found the differences between arteries and veins are their functions they provide to the heart as well as their structure. Arteries transfers blood away from the heart into the periphery resulting in the pressure of the blood in the arteries being high. Where as, the veins transfer blood towards the heart. Arteries carry oxygenated blood distributing it in the periphery as the pulmonary artery moves deoxygenated blood into the lungs for purification. The wall of an artery consists of three layers machining it thicker than veins. The elasticity within the layers of the muscle allows arteries to handle great pressures of blood within it. The thickest layer is known as tunica media as the other two are recognized as tunica externa, and tunica interna. The vein obtains blood from the periphery and carries it towards the heart. Veins are known to carry deoxygenated blood and transfers it the heart for purification. The pulmonary vein is known to carry oxygenated blood. However, there are semilunar valves found within the vein that does not allow retrograde flow of blood in preventing blood to flow in the opposite direction. Veins are thinner when compared to arteries consisting of thin elastic muscle layers with one thick layer being the tunica adventitia. Arteries consist of: carrying oxygenated blood expect for the pulmonary artery; deeply found in the body; thick walled and

Venous thromboembolism refers to the formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel. While clots can form in an artery or a vein, this article focuses only on clots that occur in a vein ("," 2015). Critically ill patients are at an increased risk of a venous thromboembolism (VTE) due to VTE can manifest as a deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or a pulmonary embolism (PE). Risk factors include venous stasis, vascular injury, and hypercoagulable disorders. A majority of ICU patients carry at least one risk factor for VTE; additional risk factors are considered to have a cumulative effect…it is impossible to predict which patients will experience a

DVTs usually occur within the deep veins of the lower leg. The DVTs that remain in the lower leg and calf tend to be asymptomatic and do not become clinically significant. A DVT is most likely to present symptoms when the proximal leg veins are involved and also when the DVT obstructs venous outflow resulting in inflammation of the vein wall (Bonner and Johnson, 2014). Warmth, redness, pain and swelling in the affected limb are common symptoms of a DVT. If a patient presents with these symptoms, a physical examination of the whole limb should be undertaken by a nurse or physician to observe for signs suggestive of a DVT. Suggestive symptoms of DVTs include superficial venous dilation, tenderness along the course of the vein, unilateral leg oedema, cyanosis, warmth and erythema (Bonner and Johnson, 2014). On examination of the limb, these are the symptoms that the nurse or physician should be looking out for, however, diagnosis on clinical presentation alone is extremely difficult as these symptoms are not specific to DVT and can be present in numerous other conditions. To improve accuracy when determining the probability of a DVT, nurses are advised to use the two level DVT Wells score. Each clinical feature is accompanied with a score. If a patient presents with a score that is two points or higher, it is likely that a DVT is present and

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is a disease that embodies both pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). On the side of research, VTE is the most common preventable cause of hospital-associated mortality and is both the second most common medical complication and cause of excess length of hospital stay (LOS). Furthermore, with appropriate evidence-based prophylactic measures, the occurrence of hospital-associated VTE (HA-VTE) can be reduced by as much as seventy percent. Subsequently, there are approximately between 200,000 and 300,000 VTE-related deaths annually, which is greater than the yearly rate of mortality for breast cancer,

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an epidemic that rain rapid in Australia and was a very big concern. The study of this sickness was a major Problem as it had affected the demographic area of Perth, Australia. The epidemic is a very big problem as VTE is connected with the trauma, surgery, and cancer and this sickness is caused while

Anti-embolic stockings work by exerting graded circumferential pressure from distal to proximal regions of the leg conforming to a Sigel pressure profile. These increase blood velocity, promote venous return, and have shown to be effective (Barker, 2011). Intermittent pneumatic compression periodically compresses the calf and thigh muscles, mimicking the muscle pump created by walking, promoting fibrinolysis, and have shown to also be effective (Barker, 2011). Foot impulse devices increase venous outflow and reduce stasis in immobilized patients. They also mimic walking by compressing the plantar venous plexus, and they are effective after orthopedic surgery in reducing asymptomatic DVT (Baker, 2011). Mechanical methods will most likely be used in patients at high risk for bleeding. Physiotherapy and nursing has also been a method used by staff in increasing the prevention of VTE. Risks can potentially be mediated by mechanical calf and foot venous compression, bed exercise, active or passive, and early mobilization, and by hydration (Barker,

Pulmonary embolism resulting from deep vein thrombosis is the most common preventable cause of hospital death (Maynard, 2015). Consequently, the Surgeon General has called to action to prevent deep vein thrombosis. Deep vein thrombosis in the healthcare setting can be reduced through

Using a glucometer to check blood suagr is a daily routine for many Americans. It would seem to go without saying that devices that are used to to puncture the skin such as needles and lancing devices (fingerprick) should never be shared between more than one person(Phillip, Quinn). Some argue that blood glucometeres are able to be shared if cleaned and stored properly. Others argue stating they should never be shared. I believe no person, or facility ever share blood glucose monitoring equipment due to high risk of disease transmission.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a disorder that occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein that is deep inside the body. It is mainly associated with veins in the legs, usually in the lower leg and thigh, but may occur in other parts of the body. About half of the people who have DVT show no symptoms, but people who sit for long periods, are over 60 and smoke are at higher risk, and should be aware of possible signs of a problem.

DVT stands for deep vein thrombosis, which is a blood clot that forms in one or more deep veins in the body. This becomes very dangerous when a part of the clot breaks of and travels downstream through the heart into the pulmonary circulation system and becomes lodged in the lung (www.medicinenet.com). The blood clots form in four different steps. First the platelet plug forms. Then the chemical reactions grow the blood clot. Anti-clotting processes halt the blood clot’s growth. The body then slowly breads down the blood clot (www.webmd.com). The types of people who have a higher risk of blood clots ranges from cancer patients to people using certain types of drugs. Most types of

Recently, however, there has been widespread use of the less invasive duplex ultrasound to assess the deep and superficial venous systems, allowing treatment to be much more focussed, as well as reducing the likelihood of trauma. The Duplex Ultrasound machine works by assessing the direction and speed of blood flow, whilst producing a direct ultrasound picture of the enlarged veins on a screen. This allows the specialist to map the distribution of veins.

When blood is removed from a vein, it is called venipuncture or phlebotomy. Venipuncture should be performed with care. The veins of a patient are the main source of specimens for testing, the entry point of medications, and the site for IVs and blood transfusions. Because there are only a limited number of easily accessible veins in a patient, it is important that everything be done to preserve their good condition and availability. Universal precautions should be observed at all times. Gloves should always be worn when obtaining blood specimens. BEFORE BEGINNING ANY PROCEDURE—ACCURATELY IDENTIFY THE PATIENT ! Follow the proper protocol to identify the patient make positive identification of the patient by checking hospital armband for