Thrombus Formation: A Balance Of Procoagulant Procedure

a. It can cause a decrease in the ability of blood to clot due to decreased production of fibrinogen.

The pathophysiology of ACS includes the stable plaque forms get converted into unstable plaque forms.2 These unstable plaque forms have numerous thin fibrous cap cells, inflammatory cells, activated macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. Sympathetic activity increases myocardial contractility, pulse rate, blood pressure, and coronary blood flow which leads to plaque rupture or fissure. As the artery ruptures, it causes thrombus formation and ischemia in this particular artery. Depending on the condition, different thrombi could form. The unstable angina forms a small thrombus formation, NSTEMI forms a partial thrombus formation, and STEMI forms a complete and persistent thrombus. The risk factors involved in ACS are age, physical inactivity, and history of hypertension, diabetes, or angina. The signs of acute coronary syndromes are an acute heart failure, tachycardia, bradycardia, or heart blockage, and the symptoms of ACS consist of chest pain, pain in the extremities, nausea, shortness of breath, heavy

Venous thrombi, composed predominately of red blood cells but also platelets and leukocytes bound together by fibrin, form in sites of vessel damage and areas of stagnant blood flow such as the valve pockets of the deep veins of

Administering anticoagulants is a major problem in the healthcare field. According to Monagle, Studdert, and Newall (2012), “Heparin is one of the most commonly used drugs in tertiary pediatric centres […and] a plethora of fatal and non-fatal heparin-related errors [are] being reported ” (p. 1). A specific incident occurred in 2007 regarding a medication error that affected the two infant twin boys of Dennis and Kimberly Quaid. Shortly after birth, the twins developed a staph infection and were to be given an anticoagulant called hep-lock. According to Rick Shapiro with The Legal Examiner, “the nurses administered at least two doses of heparin”(Shapiro, 2010, p. 1). Heparin is a more potent medication than hep-lock. This mistake meant

This activation of the sympathetic nerves causes the release of norepinephrine (neurotransmitters) and epinephrine (hormones) from the adrenal medulla (located on top of the kidney), which then binds with α1-adrenoceptors (Klabunde). As a result, the smooth muscle activates and vasoconstrict. This causes the heart rate to increase along with the stroke volume and total peripheral resistance which prevents blood from escaping. Due to the increase of heart rate, the hemorrhagic patients will experience tachycardia (Boron).

The usage of anticoagulant therapy is one of the most common forms of medical intervention. The CHADS2 score is the simplest and most commonly used stroke- risk assessment tool since its implementation 2001. This scale is used to determine whether or not anticoagulation therapy is required for patients with episodic atrial fib. A higher CHADS2 score is directly related to a greater risk of stroke. The level of risk from a thrombotic event is determined by a score which is tallied by including five common stroke risk factors; congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes, and history of stroke. If a patient is positive for any of these risk factors they receive one point with the history of stroke getting 2 points (Camm et al, 2010).

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an acquired syndrome that occurs when a stimulus pathologically activates intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis resulting in an unbalanced hemostasis (Cunningham, 1999; Huether & McCance, 2008; Wada, 2008). The initiation of DIC starts with the release of tissue factor (TF) by the endothelial cells or white blood cells (WBCs). TF are present on many different cell types including lungs, brain, and placenta. The release of TF is subsequent to a variety of causes including trauma, ischemia, excessive metabolic stress, tumors, infectious organisms, exposure to cytokines and endotoxins (Baglin, 1996; Vinay, Abul, Nelson, & Richard, 2007). The release of endotoxin is the means by which

Immobility during long journeys or during disease struck period leads to many different complications. My interest in the problems faced by patients after surgeries and the elderly with less mobility, leading to deep vein thrombosis. Being able to recognize someone affected by Deep Vein Thrombosis, and diagnosing it before there are other complications that are formed due to this blockage between the veins. In the circulatory systems, the method of transport of blood from the heart and to the heart, operate on different mechanisms. Arteries have elastic muscle lining, which can withstand the pressure when the blood is pumped from the heart. Veins are transporting de-oxygenated blood back to the heart, and they lack muscle lining.

7.b) Damaged endothelium present an increased risk of blood clotting because it exposes the underlying collagen. Platelets bind to the collagen, and the clotting process is then

It is mainly as a result of one of these three problems: ST elevation myocardial infarction, unstable angina and lastly non ST elevation myocardial infarction with chest pain being the main symptom (Linton, 2012). There are five main pathophysiologic processes that contribute to the development of ACS: thrombus on pre-existing plaque, active obstruction from coronary spasm, progressive mechanical obstruction, infection and unstable angina due to oxygen supply to myocardial (Linton, 2012). ACS is mainly caused by thrombus formation on a pre-existing plaque and it can be demonstrated through angiography or autopsies (Marshall, 2010). A thrombus is formed from plasma coagulation and platelets. There are risk factors that contribute to ACS such as cigarette smoking, diabetes, hypertension and high blood cholesterol (Linton, 2012). Both men and women are at a risk of having a heart attack. However it is more common in men especially when having a family background of heart attack, being overweight and inactive (Scruth, Carter, Cheng, Rolley, & Page, 2012). Modifying and identifying the risk factors is important as it can prevent further heart problems.

The bleeding occurs following trauma to the tissue this could be an overload of a tissue or even external force. One of the bodies first initial haemodynamic responses to bleeding is vasoconstriction which narrows the blood vessels causing decreased blood velocity, in 2008 (Watson) states that this is due to the release of noradrenaline(norepinephrine); the reaction last lasts only a few seconds to a minute. It is also explained by (Terkeltaub & Ginsberg, 1988) that both lymphatic and blood vessels are plugged to limit any fluid loss and platelet, aggregation is stimulated by the presence of thrombin. Vasoconstriction responds primarily to haemostasis which is a response to prevent blood loss and a platelet plug is formed to support the prevention of excessive

Admission assessments are important tools in providing culturally-competent care. Not only does a health care provider gain important health information, but also cultural considerations to follow during health events. Cultures such as Jehovah’s Witnesses and Christian Scientists immediately alert healthcare providers to possible interruptions in care due to cultural restrictions regarding blood transfusions and medical interventions. The Jewish population however, doesn’t put providers on high alert, though in certain incidents it should. When one reflects on the Kosher guidelines, avoidance of pork is a given, but pork isn’t present in food alone, porcine is found in medicines and medical implants. The medication classes span from anticoagulants to natural supplements and medications containing gelatin (Queensland, 2013).

Patient comes in today for followup of his chronic anticoagulation therapy that he is currently on due to an aortic valve replacement. His goal is to be between 2.5 and 3.5. He is currently on warfarin 6 mg four days a week and 5 mg three days a week. His previous INR was 1.7. That is when his last dosage increase was done. Patient also has a history of hypertension, GERD, migraines, obesity, and hyperlipidemia all of which have been doing fine without any significant problems.

A blood clot is a seal created by the blood to stop bleeding from wounds. While they're useful in stopping bleeding, they can block blood vessels and stop blood flowing to organs such as the brain, heart or lungs if they form in the wrong place.

According to the article “Anticoagulants: A Review of the Pharmacology, Dosing, and Complications” by Mohammed Alquwaizani, Leo Buckley, Christopher Adams, John Fanikos, anticoagulants persist as the primary strategy for preventing and treating thrombosis. Hemorrhage is a principal adverse event while using anticoagulant drugs.