Thyroidism Lab Report

Pathogenesis: both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism can lead to amenorrhea, though most commonly it present as primary amenorrhea in patients with hypothyroidism. Low levels of thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, stimulate the hypothalamus to produce thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates both thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin production in the anterior pituitary. High prolactin levels inhibit GnRH production in the hypothalamus, which is needed for LH and FSH activation in the anterior pituitary. Without LH and FSH, ovarian follicles cannot mature and menstruation does not occur.

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland. You would find it located in the lower neck, right below the Adam’s apple. The location is the same in both men and women. What the thyroid does is create and store thyroid hormone. It then releases the hormone in appropriate amounts to keep the body’s metabolism functioning at a normal level. If there is too much thyroid hormone, this is known as hyperthyroidism. In hyperthyroidism, the body’s metabolism increases. This condition can cause high blood pressure, high heart rate, nervousness, palpitations, and severe weight loss. Too little thyroid hormone, on the other hand, can cause tiredness, depression, memory loss, dry skin, brittle hair, and weight gain—among many other symptoms.

Rats were anesthetized with 50 mg/kg ketamine-HCl (Ketalar, Pfizer, Kırklareli, Turkey) and xylazine 5 mg/kg (Rompun, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey) intraperitoneally. The depth of anesthesia was checked in 4-5 minutes frequencies for repeated corneal reflex. Skin and subcutaneous were passed by the neck necklace incision entering the middle of the submandibular gland, sternohyoid muscle. Sternohyoid and the neck strip muscles were entered. Two thyroid lobes combined with an istmus overlying the tracheal ring were reached. Removing the bilateral thyroid lobes over the trachea, total thyroidectomy was performed with a scalpel. During the process, the bilateral superior thyroid arteries were obliterated

The thyroid gland is found in the front of the neck and produces two main hormones. The hormones are called thuroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). Together these hormones regulate the body’s metabolism by increasing energy use in cells, regulate growth and development, help to maintain body temperature and aid in oxygen consumption. These two hormones are regulated by hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hypothalamus senses changes in body’s metabolic rate and releases a hormone known as thyropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This hormone then flows through connecting vessels to the pituitary gland which signals it to release another hormone. This hormone is known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then makes

Thyroid Function Tests: The thyroid’s job is to make thyroid hormones, which are secreted into the blood and the carried to every tissue in the body. The major thyroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine, also called T4 as it contains four iodine atoms. T4 is converted to T3 (triodothyronine) by removal of iodine atom. It occurs mainly in liver and in brain. The amount of T4 produced is controlled by another hormone which is made in the pituitary gland located at the base of brain, called thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The amount of TSH is in the blood depends on the amount of T4 that the pituitary sees. If the pituitary sees very little T4, then it produces more TSH to tell thyroid gland to produce more T4.When T4 in the bloodstream goes above a certain level, the pituitary’s production of TSH is shut off. The thyroid and pituitary act like heater and a thermostat. If it’s cold the thermostat reads the temperature and turns on the heater. Thus, the thyroid and pituitary, like heater turn on and off. T4 and T3 circulate almost entirely proteins, and when these proteins change their level in the blood, there is change in T4 and T3 levels.

Even though Cardiovascular signs of hyperthyroidism include tachycardia, widened pulse pressure, marked increases in cardiac output, and respiratory capacity. Hyperthyroidism induces a hyper-dynamic cardiovascular state, which manifests by a faster heart rate, higher systolic and diastolic function. Various changes in the coagulation-fibrinolytic system have been described in patients with an excess or deficiency of thyroid hormones. Abnormalities of erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes and coagulation too much hormone induces anxiety and nervousness.

Thyroid hormone production is regulated by a hormone called thyroid stimulating hormone and it is made in the brain by the pituitary gland. Since it occurs in the thyroid gland, thyroid hormones affect metabolism, brain development, body temperature, skin dryness, and it speeds up many of the body’s functions. The

A thyroid is a butterfly shaped gland in the front of the neck. The thyroid gland makes hormones that control the speed of our metabolism. They may slow down or speed up your metabolism by disrupting the process that the thyroid gland does. A difference in weight is a common sign of having thyroid disease. When the thyroid hormones are low you gain weight (Hypothyroidism), when the thyroid hormones are high you lose weight (Hyperthyroidism). A really common type of weight loss is when you lose weight. When you have swelling or enlargement

Many may wonder what the thyroid is; as per Merriam-Webster’s dictionary the thyroid is “a gland at the base of the neck that produces hormones which affect growth, development, and the rate at which the body uses energy”. (“Thyroid.” Merriam-Webster) In other words a gland that helps in producing hormones to

Primary hypothyroidism is “caused by the inability of the thyroid gland to make T3 and T4” (Hurd, 2006). It is the inability to make and retain sufficient amounts of T3 and T4, the common thyroid hormones. Secretions are controlled by a negative feedback mechanism, which controls the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary, which then stimulates T3 and T4 secretions (Wiersinga, 2014). Normal functions of the thyroid hormones are to maintain the basal metabolic rate, stimulate oxygen consumption, absorb carbohydrates from the intestines, regulate lipid metabolism, as well as activating the next phase of the hair growth cycle (Melmed, 2011)(Contreras-Jurado, 2015).

In a normally functioning body, Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) are hormones produced by the thyroid gland. They help control the rate at which the body uses energy and are regulated by a feedback system. Thyrotropin or Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland stimulates the production and release of T4 (primarily) and T3 by the thyroid. Most of the T4 and T3 circulates, bound to protein, in the blood. A small percentage is free (not bound).

The body’s metabolism speed, which can be controlled mainly from the thyroid gland is affected by it.

The thyroid gland is located in the lower front part of your neck. In this gland, hormones are release that travel through the bloodstream which affect almost every part of the body all the way from the heart, brain and muscles to the skin. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are two diseases associated with the thyroid. These two diseases are both related to the thyroid but affect the body in different ways.

The thyroid is an endocrine gland located at the base of the neck. It produces thyroid hormones which effect the bodies metabolic rate and protein synthesis. The thyroid hormones include triiodothyronine and thyroxine which are made from iodine and tyrosine. These hormones are controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone which is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland at the base of the brain. When these hormones are produced in an insufficient amount hyperthyroidism occurs. Hypothyroidism can be subdivided into two classes; primary disease which affects the thyroid gland itself or central disease which results from dysfunction of the pituitary or hypothalamus. The causes of hypothyroidism include autoimmune thyroiditis, radioiodine ablation,

The thyroid is a small, butterfly shaped gland located at the front of the neck. The thyroid produces the thyroid hormones, including the two major ones, namely the tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which are essential for regulating the metabolic activities, growth, and several other body functions.