Timothy B. Smith France In Crisis

The popular front led by Leon Blum, was the socialist government from 1936 which put in place the ‘Matignon Agreement’. Several developments established during the period of governing such as raising wages, and introducing the forty hour working week (James, 2003, p.124). Although they had in a sense united workers and employers, the adverse consequences resulted in a radicalised nation, with strong policing on tax evasion, and the reforms were substantially expensive (James, 2003, pp.124-125). Politically, the poor stability of the French economy didn’t allow Blum and his party to enforce their power across Europe. With the German economy recovering rapidly, and the vast military production, France simply didn’t have the resources to match up to the threat posed upon them (James, 2003, p.125).

With the growing divide between the public and military he intends to have ages 18-21 year old men and women sever at least one month of mandatory service. As an advocate of military strength, Le Pen has stated interest in increasing the military force by 50,000 troops. To accompany the increased manning, she will push to increase the defense budget significantly to match the needs of costs to maintain that large of a military as well as advancing military equipment. In the end, one of her goals that would be supported in increasing French Military prestige would be to leave NATO, making them one of the first to pull out. (Smith, 2017) Ultimately Emmanuel Marcon won the election by 66.1% (Mulholland, Samuel, Rothwell, Kirk, & Henderson, 2017).

The Third Estate’s endless push for change causes political changes, most importantly a new legislative. They claimed they spoke for the people of France and named themselves the National

Reform. Revolution. Change. These words can be used to describe France and the transitions it is has been going through since after the war. Now more than ever the people of France must come together to work towards a form of government that reflects the opinions of all people, and one that takes into consideration the needs of the majority. With the transition from a monarchy to a republic all citizens should have a right to political freedom, and that includes the rights of women. I, along with many other women in the city of Toulon have expressed our feelings about the need for women to become active members in society. We are young, independent, and work just as hard as the men in our city and think we deserve to be recognized. I write

There are presently two primary camps held by scholars of Vichy government and World War II in regards to the popular topic of France’s involvement in the oppression of its Jewish residents during World War II. One faction argues that the actions of the French during the German occupation of France were necessary to protect the nation, claiming that the occupation was one of accommodation. The second group argues that policy, at least for the first two years of the German occupation, was controlled by the new Vichy government and that the anti-Semitic legislation was supported by French politicians without Nazi persuasion; therefore, their occupation was one of collaboration or, at the very least, one of culpability. This project will examine

“Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity” were the very words that had a profound effect on the people of France as they started a revolution that would change the face of European society forever. The French Revolution, which started during the late 17th century, was inspired and emboldened by the ideas of enlightenment and followed in the footsteps of the American Revolution a decade prior. All revolutions must be affected to some degree by the ideas, primitive or elaborate, which fuel revolutionary fervour and colour the complexion of revolutionary government. (O’Kane, 1991)

France is well known for its vibrant culture, arts, architecture, and literature that is placed throughout the country. The most famous writers from France are Voltaire and Victor Hugo. Voltaire was a well-known philosopher and writer during the French Enlightenment time period. (Kartha) Some of the most famous French architecture is the Eiffel Tower, and the Gothic Cathedrals.In addition to these fascinating things, France also as many coterversaul issues that impact France’s future.(2)

The modern French government is a unique political entity like no other in history. In my research paper I aim to show that while France's system of government appears democratic it is in actuality not. I plan to demonstrate it is more of an oligarchy than a polyarchy, polyarchy being fundamentally necessary for democracy. Drawing on research from conflict theorists I plan to show that France is not truly democratic. I plan to first draw a parallel between research on France as a pluralist state and Robert Dahl's New Haven study by showing that France like New Haven appears to be a pluralist democracy. I then plan to show just as G. William Domhoff did with Dahl's original study, that the same inequality in power exists in France as in New

“Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité” was the maxim that echoed from the lips of French insurgents during the eighteenth century. Liberty, equality, and fraternity were the demands of the people that resonated everywhere, whether they were on streets or in salons. Freedom, impartiality, and solidarity were the words of a battle cry that all the faces of France, especially those with feminine features, chanted. Whether they were mere breadwinners in the confines of their homes, or rich nobles sympathetic to the insurrection, the women contributed a great deal to the lower-class citizens of the country. The rights and roles of women are pertinent to the French Revolution because the roles they played assisted the people’s rise to power, they

However, as progressive as France may have been with them trying to keep their birthrates lower for many reasons it did indeed have its drawbacks. Due to these facts they were one of the countries who industrialized much later than others around them. (Urdank, Lecture 15) This is a fact that many French writers to this very day look rather regretfully on. (Wrigely, p. 71) However, due to their later industrialization France was able to keep their artisan culture as well as remain far more rooted in smaller time agriculture. (Urdank, Lecture

The immigration problem was exacerbated by the global economic crisis, during the first half of the 70s, amidst stagnation and rising unemployment. Before the crisis, France was one of the most welcoming countries for immigrants. The latter were viewed as a necessary salvation to improving the functioning of society, allowing to solve the demographic problems in connection with the fertility crisis and an aging population, as well as compensate for the lack of cheap and undemanding labor force. Arriving in a foreign country the immigrants were held fairly easy to work, brought the leftist forces to joint political action in defense of their rights. Some of them, after earning money, returned to their homeland, while others remained, integrating

One of the most critical moments for human history, the French Revolution transpired amongst a slew of issues which caught France at a point of near destruction. Historians have debated for centuries whether the country has truly benefitted from this ten-year war within itself or the consequences of the bloody revolution, which includes the killing of thousands of people, were actually necessary. The outcome of the French Revolution did not immediately bring about the destruction of the monarchy and financial prosperity amongst the lower class. Renown critic of the Revolution, Edmund Burke, discusses his distaste for the manners in how the French people violently handled the circumstances they were in through his writing of Reflections on the French Revolution. Contrary to the beliefs of those more conservative, the country’s rewards after the long battle outweigh the repercussions because of the long term benefits reaped for the people of France, which may have not been visible until much later in history. Although there are negative viewpoints of the controversial borderline destruction of the nation of France beginning in 1789, seen in Burke’s Reflections on the French Revolution and Olympe De Gouge’s Declaration of the Rights of Women, the clear constructive significance of the French Revolution and its successful introduction to the slogan “liberty, equality, and fraternity” can be observed in Thomas Paine’s The Rights of Man.

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord (in short, Talleyrand) was born in February 1754 in Paris into a family background of power, ancient nobility, and wealth since his father held a high position in the French Royal army. Since his childhood, Talleyrand suffered from certain physical distortion in the feet that contributed to an impaired physical mobility. As a result, he had some limitations on his possible future career to an extent that he was formally stripped of some of his birth rights. At some stage in his life, Talleyrand became one of the few Catholic Church bishops who subscribed to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy with which the National Constituent Assembly wanted to exercise authority over the Catholic Church in France ("The Diplomacy of Talleyrand", n.d.).

France was a nation ruled by an absolute monarch who had power beyond the grasp of any peasant, and just out of the reach of the aristocracy. King Louis XIV (1774 - 1791) of France was not willing to give up his monopoly that had existed for seventeen years. It was the perfect situation for his absolute government, and may have remained that way if he had been able to manage France’s finances successfully. More money had been spent on roads' canals and wars then were being collected through taxes. In addition the government lost control over the bourgeois class. The bourgeois (working class merchants) gained control by using the disorganized peasant class, members of the Third Estate, who presented their grievances in cahiers to the

The population structure of France has remained stable over the past 27 years. Fertility has remained around replacement level. Mortality has remained relatively constant as far as crude death rates go, but there has been an extention in the overall lifespan of an individual during this time. Like most countries that have completed the demographic transition France is engaged in a balancing act between mortality and fertility, and is in danger of experiencing a population decline. If life expectancies continue to increase or fertility rates decrease France could have some hard economic decisions to make in the future.