Tiruray the Second Creation

The forceful removal of children from families, relocation of tribes from their native homelands, and the attempted assimilation by the Europeans resulted in the disruption of the hundreds of years of knowledge and heritage being passed down through generations. These issues have resulted in the destruction of most of their thousand year old languages and background. To the Indigenous people of Australia, language is the key to their cultural and spiritual identity, and their heritage. From over 250 languages being spoken all over Australia, there are now only 145. Only 20 of which are considered still going strong; this is a cause of great distress to the Indigenous people. “The loss of indigenous languages signifies not only the loss of traditional knowledge but also the loss of cultural diversity and spirituality as well as laws and customs” (Gugu Badhun Limited, 2012). Language is their identity, their connection to the community, it retains their cultural and spiritual identity throughout their daily lives now (Gugu Badhun Limited,

Although the Kayapo and rubber trappers in the Seringal Bom Futuro area exhibit similarities in their struggle for status, they are ethnically and cultural divided. Unlike the Kayapo, rubber tappers are not united by their ethnical background but rather a way of survival. As a tribe of indigenous people, the Kayapo live in “large autonomous villages scattered on both sides of the Xingu River” (Turner 140). Surrounded by tropical rainforest and grassland,

All people throughout history have strived to explain the unknown. This is reflected best in the creation myth. The creation myth serves to answer that most pervasive of ancient questions: that of the origin of the world. All cultures have tried to answer this question. Two of these cultures are the Aztecs and the ancient Greeks. The Aztecs claimed that the world began with the goddess Coatlicue becoming impregnated by a ball of hummingbird feathers. Her previously born children try to kill her, but she gives birth to the sun god Huitzilopochtli, who kills her attackers and ascends to rule the heavens, leaving Coatlicue to rule the recently created earth. In Greek mythology, the earth goddess Gaia marries the sky god Ouranos, producing the titans, the first gods. One of the titans, Cronos, kills Ouranos with a sickle and rules the world. His children defeat him and send him down to Tartarus, the greek equivalent of hell. This essay serves to demonstrate the profuse similarities between the Aztec and Greek creation myths. The writer will show how the Aztec and Greek creation myths have many intrinsic themes and similarities.

The Salem Witch Trials were a dark spot in America’s early history. During a time where acts of the unknown were simply considered spiritual signs or supernatural forces with meanings; the early American settlers in Salem, Massachusetts were plagued with what they claimed were acts of the Devil putting witches in their town to disrupt Puritan beliefs and actions. One of the earliest accused witches was the village pastor’s slave Tituba Indian. Tituba was especially vulnerable to accusations to due to her extreme double minority status as well as the fact that she was owned by the village pastor.

The Colombian culture is formed from the inheritance of the indigenous peoples present in the territory since ancient times, the Spanish traditions adopted during the colonial period and the African Customs incorporated by the slaves that led the conquistadors. This mixture of cultures constitutes a society with traits common to the rest of Latin American countries but, at the same time, very different also. Indeed, even within Colombia's own territory there are many differences between regions and others. Geographic diversity-can be found from tropical beaches to mountains of more than 5,000 meters in height with perpetual snows-and the natural isolation of some areas has led to this diversity. Some of the most important cultural groups according to their location are the so-called cops, located in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense; the countries, settled in Antioquia; The foresters, Settlers of the eastern plains; the Vallunos, settled in the area of Valle del Cauca; the coastal, inhabitants of the Caribbean coast, and the Santander, residents of the departments of Santander and Norte de Santander. All these groups are characterized by showing great cultural differences among themselves, which makes Colombia a fascinating country to know and enter into the day to day of its inhabitants.

Connecting to someone, real or fictional, is very common. In The Crucible, Tituba and I have some of the same attributes. No matter how physically different we are, we both have relatable emotional quirks that makes me connect and more interested in the story. Tituba and I are both vulnerable, followers and liars.

The book is about the transformation of tipis from past to the present day. The book mentions the first culture that made tipis which was the “Clovis” and a brief background of their culture. After the introductory into the Clovis’ history the book will go into the reasons behind the making of the tipis and how we view them in the modern day.

The main features that identified the traditional society are sustenance depended on the natural environment as climate, soil, natural resources and area’s carrying capacity and their consistency in traditions. Moriori, The Dokota Sioux, and the Yir Yoront people all live with hunter-gathering life style, people live in their milieu and accepted little outer technology, idea, and belief. As an example, Yir Yoront people refused to accept canoe to their life, even though they are very well aware of it existence and its benefit. They had always based their cultural system on totem ideology that everything they owned is passed down from their ancestor and believed that their future will be an eternal continuity of present. People rather rely on

gods of fertility and the agricultural cycle, the creation gods, and the great traditional deities. the

Both Kojiki and Greek mythologies describe common belief in the creation of the world, in which gods give birth to another to form the world. In Kojiki, two of the seven gods who came into existence, Izanagi and Izanami give birth to many nature deities, creating the world. But because Izanami gives birth to too many deities, she dies while giving birth to the fire deity. In result of her death, enraged Izanagi kills the fire deity. In contrast, Greek myth describes the creation of the world with the four gods who came to existences, Gaea (earth) Chaos, Tartarus (Hell), and then Eros. Gaea asexually gives birth to Uranus (Sky) and marries her son. She then bears three types of gods; the Titans, the Cyclopes, and the Hecathonchires. However, Uranus repels at the monstrous creatures and sends Cyclopes and Hecatonchires down to Tartarus (Hell). Frustrated by Uranus’s action, Gaea forges the first sickle, gives it to her youngest son Cronos, and have him punish his father, Uranus. Once Uranus returns to make love to Gaea, Cronos emasculates him. Here we see the similarities in the creation of the world by birth and death of God by the hands of another god with fury.

In Aboriginal culture the language isn’t only a form of communication, it is used to mark territory. It is possible that people from tribe only fifty kilometres away cannot understand the other tribes language at all.

Recently, researchers working on a project geared toward the cataloging of basic word lists of the endangered aboriginal tongues in Australia, “met the sole living speaker of Amurdag, a language in the Northern Territory that has already been declared extinct” (Wilford, John Noble). It is doubtful that the language can be brought back, as the speaker “strained to recall words he had last heard from his late father” (Wilford, John Noble) but researchers were at least able to make a record of it.

The Mayan people of the Yucatan Peninsula have endured great changes over their history, but many changes have occurred more recently as documented in the book by Cindy Hull. During a study in which she lived in Yaxbe for several decades, Hull examined the effects that this change has had on the people of the village and the Mayan people at large. Initially, Hull found that much was different about living with the people because she was used to the US Midwest. She was not used to the diet or to the family structure she found among the people, but she quickly adjusted to the changes and became a member of the village. Her task while she was there was to discover the social structure of the clan and how the culture has changed over time. She conducted a longitudinal study (one in which she became an integral member of the tribe) because she wanted to understand the people from a basal level. She believed that, despite the differences to what she experienced in her normal life, that the hardships she would face would get her closer to understanding the culture she was studying.

“Ancestral lines” by John Barker is a book about the anthropologist’s experience in the Uiaku village located in Papua New Guinea. In the first chapter, Barker tells his readers briefly about him and his education, his and his wife’s experience with the Maisin community, and talks in great detail about the Maisin and their culture in the Uiaku village.

In this unit’s text, we learned about modernization of society and how agriculture permitted nomadic hunt-and-gather groups to become stabilized and centralized in one location. The text and supporting video clips introduced both positive and negative anthropological effects of the rise of agriculture. Three positive outcomes include stabilization, improved nutrition, and food surplus. For each of these positive instances, there is an alternate and negative impact as well: habitat destruction, feast and famine cycles, and health concerns. This essay will briefly expound on each positive outcome and its counterpart, and will relate the sustainable agrarian achievements of the people of the Gamo Highlands to these effects.