Tissue Microarray Essay

According to the United States Breast Cancer Statistics (2016), in 2016 there will be an estimated 246,660 newly diagnosed cases of invasive breast cancer and 61,000 of non-invasive breast cancer among women. For this reason, when studying breast cancer based on a large-scale impact, it not only affects the patient themselves but, as well as their families and communities nationwide. Furthermore, many contributing factors lead to this being such a public health issue. Conclusively, there are specific programs, services, and policies that help to assist the contributing factors of such a public health threat. Nevertheless, breast cancer is still an increasing concern in society, and much-needed research is required to be able to detect and treat this disease.

Cancer. One of those words that repeatedly echoes in your head, drowning your thoughts, consuming your body… wondering, why you? How didn’t I find out sooner? Due to the many health benefits of mammography, women starting at the age of 40 should be required to have yearly mammograms. The discussion of mammography continues to rise in controversy, especially regarding why women should start receiving mammograms at the age of 40. Two conflicts that continue to threaten women against mammograms are the amount of radiation exposure and the evidence that mammograms can cause false positive results. Although there are negatives, mammography is peculiarly important in the solidity that they can detect cancer two years in advance and is able to pick up very small lesions.

The National Cancer Society states that, “Regular mammograms are one of the best weapons you can have against breast cancer.” Early detection is the key to beating cancer. If the cancer is

Imagine having one or both of your breasts taken out, as well as suffering through weakening radiation treatments and toxic drugs, only to later find out that you never had cancer. This situation happens a lot more often than people think. Many women deal with terrifying false breast cancer diagnoses. Dr. Shahla Masood, the director of the pathology department at the University of Florida, told the New York Times that “there are studies showing that diagnosing breast lesions occasionally comes down to the flip of a coin” because early stage cancers are so difficult to diagnose (Quanstrum). Naturally, upon receiving frightening news that one might have cancer, it is highly likely for women to become desperate. Women will do whatever it takes to fight and remove the cancer. “In the conventional medical arena, typically this means full or partial mastectomy, drugs and radiation” (Miller). If the patient tests

DNA profiling meets human demand in all these categories of uses from keeping endangered species safe to identifying killers. More detail to the cancer research is needed as a struggle for a cure is continued. The recent sequencing of the human genome, coupled with advances in biotechnology, is enabling the comprehensive molecular profiling of human tissues. In particular, DNA microarrays are powerful tools for obtaining global views of human tumor gene expression. Complex information from tumor expression profiling studies can, in turn, be used to create novel molecular cancer diagnostics. DNA profiling of tumor DNAs’ may reveal important new diagnostic therapys’ targets to improve prediction and treatment of advanced cancer patients. In a breast cancer study, the American Association for Cancer Research

Therefore, a number of studies have depicted the need for BC screening/early detection in LMICs to prevent early deaths of women presenting with late stage at diagnosis. Yet, many complex issues harvest in the context of planning and implementation of BC screening in LMICs. So far, mammography has remained the main examination of BC screening throughout the world. Adequate evidence exists from some randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that mammography screening is associated with significant reductions in BC mortality. But in order to be effective, mammographic screening programs must be of high quality, with appropriate targeting and of sufficient frequency. In LMICs, BC incidence is lower and occurs more in younger age groups when breast tissue is dense. Promoting a need for another, more appropriate screening examination to take place. Also, there is a lack of resources for implementing any population level screening programs using mammography. Running a mammographic screening program becomes impossible and pointless in LMICs since the costs are too high and the benefits are insignificant. Maximum cost-benefit can only take place if screening is done in an age group which has a sufficiently high incidence of BC and sufficient

Hereby, the gene expression profiling has identified four major breast cancer subtypes which are luminal A, luminal B, HER-2 related and basal-like. Luminal cancers express hormone receptors (ER) while the HER2 subtypes overexpress HER2 gene products, besides luminal B cancers often have lower expression levels of hormone receptors and higher proliferative rates. The basal-like and HER2 groups are more likely identified as hormone receptor-negative breast cancers. Moreover, they are mostly estrogen receptor (ER) negative, progesterone receptor (PR) negative, lack HER2 protein

In 2016, breast cancer was the commonest diagnosed cancer in women with 17 million cases diagnosed and a resultant 5 million deaths. In the Western world, improved treatments and screening programmes have resulted in a 5-year survival of 80-90% (WHO, 2016). However, a third of breast cancer patients are found to have distant metastases at diagnosis, bringing their 5-year survival rate down by 25% (Siegel et al., 2004). Metastasis occurs when tumour cells travel through the vascular or lymphatic system and grow in distant organs, commonly bone, lung, liver and brain.

Breast cancer is a common malignancy diagnosed in women. In the United States one in eight women who live to the age of 95 will be diagnosed with breast cancer. Even with the high rate of diagnosis, it remains the most treatable due to early screening and improved detection methods. Mammography is the precedent for screening and diagnostic procedures in the breast cancer field. Its enhancements through the years, together with higher resolution, faster, lower-dose screen-film combinations, have contributed to earlier cancer detection in women.

When breast cancer is detected and early treatment is impletemented, the survival rate greatly increases.

Breast cancer is the world’s second most common cancer (Symonds et al., 2012). Breast cancer is screened for through mammography which involves producing a radiograph of the breasts to allow tissue study. According to a recent survey carried out in the United Kingdom (National Health Service Breast Screening Programme. 2011), 73% of women invited for a breast screening mammography test accepted the invitation and were screened

ETS also can determine definitively the number of copies of each transcript per cell and highlight any differential gene expression.

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death in women and it is estimated that in 2017, 5000 women will die of this disease in Canada2. The main reason for death is due to metastases in other organs and circulating tumour cells (CTCs) may be the main cause of metastatic lesions1. CTCs detach from the primary tumour and travel through blood or lymphatic vessels to form a secondary tumour1. The purpose of the 2016 preliminary study was to determine if CTCs can be detected in the blood of adjuvant breast cancer patients using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to measure gene expression values of cytokeratin (CK) 8, 18, and 191. The rationale for detection of CTCs via RT-qPCR is based on the

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has lately been adapted to diagnostic prerequisites and a growing number of diagnostic facilities offer an assortment of NGS-based services. However, variable NGS-based methodologies ranging from amplicon-based (targeted) NGS, whole exome (WGS) or whole genome NGS (WES) exist and are suited for different applications. As regards to tumor diagnostics in molecular pathology amplicon-based NGS predominantly is usually applied this is due to the facts that

Currently, in the United Kingdom breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and early diagnosis is the key to reducing mortality rates (Skaane et al, 2007).