Titanium Essay

Instead of losing telomeres after each reproduction, the cells replenish, or lengthen, the telomeres using an enzyme called telomerase.

"Several medical companies are developing new porous coatings for implants that promote and increase bone ingrowth and reduce bone shielding effects by the use of titanium-based foams or scaffolds," he explained. "Today's technology works by plasmaspraying the powder onto the implant.

The length of the telomere indicates age-related diseases, unhealthy lifestyle, and longevity in the lifespan.

In Chapter 27 “The Secret to Immortality” of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Rebecca Skloot provided an explanation to why HeLa cells were “immortal” unlike other mortal cancer cells; the p53 tumor suppressor gene had been “turned off” by the Human Papilloma Virus Lacks had. She mentions how according to the Hayflick Limit, human cell’s were able to replicate an average of fifty times. In addition, she explains how telomeres in cells shrink slightly every time the cell divides. According to Aging Cell’s 2004 article “The Cellular Lifespan and Senescence Signalring in Embryonic Stem Cells,” tumor cells “have high telomerase activity” yet they are not immortal. HeLa cells, similarly to Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells have the tumor suppressor gene p53 turned off. This differentiates HeLa from other tumor cells; while other tumor cells will replicated more than the average cell and eventually reach senescence, HeLa continues to replicate to this day thanks to the HPV virus that turned off its

Telomerase is able to add DNA nucleotides to the ends of telomeres (the end of DNA sequences). After replication, a small amount of the telomeres are cut off. When the telomeres are cut too many times, the cell has met its Hayflick limit. It is believed that when an individuals cells have divided too many times, that they die.

Most telomere are no more that the simple repetition of the DNA nucleotide sequence TTAGGG — two thymine bases, an adenine base, and three guanine bases. With a full length telomere containing more that 15,000 base pairs, telomeres can perform their functions of preventing chromosome from losing coding regions of the genome during replication for many replications before reaching what Dr. Jerry Shay describes as their “critical length” (Shay & Wright). When the telomeres of a cell reach this critical length and can no longer replicate without damaging the base pair sequences of the chromosomes themselves, programmed cell death occurs in the form of apoptosis. However, the length of a chromosome’s telomere is not only a linear function of erosion, but also a function of how often telomerase rebuilds the strands by adding the TTAGGG base pair sequence. It is this way to “cheat” the critical point that provides medicine with the possibility to extend our

The next experiment that must be performed is to determine the cause of the naked mole-rats' hypersensitivity. A study searched for the signal that leads to early contact inhibition and determined it to be hyaluronan. Hyaluronan is a key part of the extracellular matrix and has a high molecular mass in naked mole-rats. The hyaluronan in naked mole-rats represses signaling for mitosis as well as having anti-inflammatory properties(Tian et al., 2013). An alternative explanation for the naked mole-rats' cancer resistance could be its ability to use telomerase to regulate chromosomal length. Compared to the use of senescence in humans, telomerase makes cells immortal in culture by preventing cells from becoming too short leading to cancerous cells or apoptosis. Another possible alternative explanation is the number of copies of p53 that the naked mole-rat has. In a study in which the cancer resistance of large mammals was compared to their DNA damage response, the results showed that elephants have at least 20 copies of p53 compared to humans 1 copy. This is believed to be the cause of elephants' high cancer resistivity(Abegglen et al., 2015). These copies allow elephants to have a backup tumor suppressor in case of damage to another

Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used in both articles to examine the expression of the catalytic subunit of telomerase in various cells from the Devil in order to detect the presence and activity of telomerase. Additionally a non-quantitative telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) was used to detect telomerase activity, this involved the use of PCR and gel electrophoresis in order to visualise the results.

The gel was covered with a buffer and then six samples labeled A-F were deposited into the wells using a micropipette. Three of these samples (A, B, C) were control samples to compare to D, E, and F (the mother, child, and father). The safety cover was placed on the unit and then brought to a power source. The leads were connected the chamber and left for approximately 20 minutes. The agarose gel was removed from the tray and placed onto a sheet of plastic wrap. An Ethidium Bromide card was placed face down onto the gel to stain for approximately 5 minutes. Finally, the card was removed and the gel was placed on top of a UV light. The samples were pushed towards the center due to opposite electric charges. Agarose gel separates the DNA samples by the way they were cut. The restriction enzyme MST II cuts the DNA strand at CC/TNAGG where N is any nucleotide base. If the enzyme recognizes this, it is cut. If it does not recognize it then the strand is left whole. We were able to observe the DNA strands due to them being dyed and placed over a UV light. The control samples were utilized so that the other samples could be compared to test for their genotype. The data was analyzed in this way to differentiate between the different genotypes and the number of bars they

By them shortening, humans begin to age, become sicker, or even die due to the length. So whenever a person a person ages. Many scientist have tried to find a way to reverse the aging process because the idea of been young forever exists. However, scientists can affectedly restore the cells using telomerase. This being known makes researchers wonder whether many of the effects of aging come from the steady restriction of telomeres in the cells of the body that is why many people exercise, diet, or even use plastic surgery to retain that youthful appearance. Because without the effects of the nature , your body will naturally age this results in loose or saggy skin, older appearance, wrinkles , body changes , and health problems. Still that doesn’t stop ongoing experiments. Mariela Jaskelioff and her colleagues at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston engineered rats with an inactive telomere and it’s length shortened to see what would happen when they turned the enzyme back

Purpose The main purpose of this experiment was to test and observe how DNA molecules are being tested or separated. Introduction The final goal of this lab was to successfully measure the size of different samples of DNA placing each samples into a well in agarose gel and running a current through a charged chamber.

Elizabeth Blackburn is an amazing woman; who comes from a family of physicians. She has always had a passion for animals and science; she found biology to be her favorite subject in school. She was fascinated by the visual impacts of science through books. Perhaps, it is her enthusiasm for biology that inspired her to be one of the leading biochemists today. Elizabeth helped in the discovery of “the fountain of youth.” Elizabeth and two of her colleagues discovered a way for chromosomes to be copied during cell division. Within this discovery, they also found a unique DNA sequence in the telomeres that protects these cells against degradation. In 2009, Dr. Blackburn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

5812). Since Alu elements are typically viewed as the cause of human mutations, they will have to be used as the testing tool (Yang et al. 5812). The DNA sequence from the mouse cells will be isolated so that it could be cloned into the bacteriophage (Sherif and Broome 124). Using the transposon tagging framework, which implies tagging the genes that do not coincide with the regular process of gene expression, one will be able to detect the presence of the human cellular oncogene in the fibroblasts developed by the mice (Zhang et al. 3134). The hybridization of a phage and the Alu probe will point to the presence of the human mutagen in the cell (Yang et al.

Telomeres are the caps at the ends of a chromosome preventing the chromosome from degradation and making it stable (Pierce, 2013). It is great to know how telomeres and telomerase enzyme function. Telomeres shorten with age. Telomere length has been associated with increased incidence of age related diseases. A lot of factors such as unhealthy diet, obesity, lack of exercise can increase the pace of telomere shortening (Rehman, 2015) . One would think that telomerase enzyme will always protect the telomeres. However, too much telomerase enzyme can result to cancer cells. Thanks for sharing your thoughts. Have a great

Telomeres are shortened due to the fact that DNA polymerase are not able to copy the end of the strands that it is replicating. This causes it to shorten, then when it is duplicated once again it is shortened even more, and this process just keeps continuing until the telomere is too short to complete its copying. When telomere lengths become too short, a certain DNA defense goes into action, and this reaction leads to aging. So it is a proven fact that there is a significant relationship between telomere length and the speeding up of physical aging (Prescott, Kraft, & Chasman, 2011).