Title: Comparison of CA-125, Ultrasound and Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI) in pre-operative

Another study that was done on ultrasonography was to study the use of contrast agents for ovarian tumors for diagnostic purposes. Transvaginal ultrasound is the most effective method that is used to diagnosis ovarian tumors [2]. A study was done on 61 patients who were given Sonovue and an ultrasound was done either transabdominally or transvaginally, along with both

If symptoms persist and the GP suspects ovarian cancer, a blood test is commonly performed to detect for protein CA125 in blood; a tumor marker used to assess ovarian cancer. However, this method is not specific because elevated levels are common in other gynecological conditions such as endometriosis, adenomyosis and fibroids (Chu and Rubin, 2006). The increased levels may be an indicator since normal surface epithelium of the ovary does not express this protein and other tests can be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Also a transvaginal ultrasound is done where a probe is inserted into the vagina to examine the fallopian tubes, womb and ovaries to detect any abnormalities. When a tumor is suspected, a gynecological laparoscopy is performed where the fallopian tubes,

2. Herzog, T. J., Armstrong, D. K., Brady, M. F., Coleman, R. L., Einstein, M. H., Monk, B. J., . . . Alvarez, R. D. (2014). Ovarian cancer clinical trial endpoints: Society of Gynecologic Oncology white paper. Gynecologic Oncology,132(1), 8-17. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.11.008

Similar to the previous method the ICD-Os were assigned numeric values according to their rank shown in Table 1. Thus the ICD-Os are 1 = Breast, 2 = Cervix, 3 = Lung, 4 = Ovary, 5 = Esophagus.

Cervical Cancer Surgery: What To Expect? Cervical Cancer - Topic Overview The cervical cancer indicates the growth of abnormal cells on the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. Cervical cancer has the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide as it is the fourth most causes of death from cancer in women.

Ovarian cancer is less common, with a projected 22, 440 new cases. However, it carries a much higher mortality rate.

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer related to the ovaries. It currently accounts for approximately 3% of all cancers in women. Ovaries are comprised of three types of cells, each of them being able to differentiate into a type of cancer. These three types are epithelial, germ, and stromal cells. The most common type of ovarian cancer is derived from the epithelial cells. According to the American Cancer Society, ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from all types of cancer that are related to the female reproductive system. Moreover, it is estimated that approximately 55% of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer die in the first 5 years of diagnosis. However, if the tumor is diagnosed before the age of 65, this percentage decreases.

Etiology: uterine tumor is caused by excess estrogen from two different sources first one is exogenous sources such as replacement therapy of estrogen or tamoxifen use. Endogenous sources like obesity ]1[ and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with an ovulatory cycles, or tumors that secrete estrogen such as granulose cell tumors.[2] The symptoms: [3] uncommon bleeding of vaginal or discharge, dysuria, pain in Pelvic region, Pain during , Weight loss and pain during sexual contact . Diagnosis: 1) a uterine biopsy, dilatation and curettage, 2) using specialized viewing scopes to that detect the tumor of the uterus and tissues that surround it by observing the reproductive tract, digestive tract, and urinary tract.3) Internal imaging procedures, X-rays, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).After diagnosis, determine its stage to indicate the progression of the cancer. First stage cancer is located within uterus, while second stage tumor spread to the cervix. Then in Stage three malignancy spreading to vagina, lymph nodes present in the same region, or peritoneum. Stage four cancer spread to different organs such as the bone, lungs, bladder or digestive tract. After

Within the ovary, there are several malfunctions that may occur. First being ovarian failure, which usually is caused by abdominal radiation therapy, or even just severe ovarian damage that is caused by whole-abdomen irradation. Studies show that with women who underwent whole abdomen irradation, 71% of them failed to ever enter puberty, 26% of women had premature menopause, and out of 3,390 eligible participants with in the Childhood Cancer Society Study or (CCSS), 215 (6.3%) later on developed acute ovarian

In order to ensure that you are not stricken with this cancer. You should make sure to have your annual check-up with your gynecologist. Awareness and knowledge helps prevent ovarian

Her first visit was due to her concern over her menstruation periods. At the age of 14, this young woman was experiencing irregular six to seven days’ menstrual cycles and excessive weight gain. In August 2017, she comes in again explaining how she has tried multiple attempts to get pregnant but is unsuccessful. Her conditions are infertility, hirsutism, overweight, and light periods. She is slightly overweight but fully functional. This young woman pelvic ultrasound came back showing ten to twelve tiny cysts developed on her ovaries, diagnosing her with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Her recommended treatments were weight loss, anti-testosterone medicine, and contraceptive pills to regulate menstrual

Ovarian cancer is one of the leading cause feminine death. Ovarian cancer is cancer that is located in the female organ that produces eggs. Ovarian cancer is most likely to develop in the females that have lived half a century or more. Ovarian cancer cannot be discovered until it has reached the pelvis area in certain tests. Once it has actually reached the pelvis area, it is considered fatal and this is considered the last stage. There are three types of ovarian cancer: epithelial, stromal, and germ line cancer. Epithelial tumor occurs in the outside layer of the ovary, stromal tumor occurs in the ovarian tissue and germ cell tumor occurs in the egg producing cells. One of the possible causes for ovarian cancer is a known mutation in the

Ovarian cancer occurs when not normal cells grow in one or both of the ovaries which are small glands on either side of the uterus in female’s body that store and release eggs (ova). Also they produce female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone. There are two types of ovarian cancer epithelial and germ cell cancers. Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common type and often occurs in women who are past menopause. This type of cancer grows in the tissues that cover ovaries. Experts do not know the exactly cause of this cancer but, they know the DNA changes play role in

In case one has a strong family history of ovarian cancer genetic counselling/ BRACA gene mutation testing can be ordered .This will predict the individual’s risk of developing ovarian cancer. In such cases (BRACA gene mutation) after overall assessment, one can opt for removal of ovaries called prophylactic salpingo oophorectomy .This will reduce the chance of developing ovarian cancer around 75 % and breast cancer by

Ovarian cancer and pelvic inflammatory disease caused by sexually transmitted diseases are prominent diseases that negatively impact the female reproductive system. Ovarian cancer causes a woman’s ovaries to grow which leads to symptoms such as bloating, no appetite, and uneasiness in the back and lower abdomen. It is usually caught and treated in the late developing stages creating a more impactful effect of damage on the ovaries. The first approach to fighting this disease is usually ultrasonography. Scientists are working on improving testing and screening for ovarian cancer as there is not a standard approach to this type of cancer. Furthermore, sexually transmitted diseases typically lead to a pelvic inflammatory disease which includes contamination of any of a