Title: Diuretics, Adverse Effects, Contraindications And

ADH (Vasopressin) – ADH has an antidiuretic action that prevents the production of dilute urine.

Diuretics inhibit reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the kidneys, and promotes excretion of excess fluid in the body. Diuretics are primarily used to lower blood pressure, and increase urinary output. Triamterene is a generic form of Dyrenium, and is a diuretic medication. Diuretics are not considered to be a controlled substance.

No more than 2 percent of hypertensive patients can be treated surgically. There are basically four groups of drugs a physician would prescribe a hypertension patient:DiureticsThis is usually the first choice a doctor would prescribe. It helps by increasing the rate you body eliminates urine and salt. However, this can also increase your cholesterol level, make you urinate more frequently, and may cause a loss of potassium.Beta-Adrenergic BlockersThese drugs are usually prescribed if a diuretic does not help bring your blood pressure down, and sometimes are used in combination with diuretics. Beta-adrenergic blockers work by blocking the effects of adrenaline in your body.

Aldosterone falls in the class of hormone called mineralocorticoids, produces by the adrenal glands and is found near the kidneys. It sustains blood pressure, water and salt balance within the body. This procedure is assisting the kidneys to preserve sodium and excrete potassium in order to maintain a balance. If Aldosterone production falls, there isn’t enough regulation of salt and water balance (as aldosterone is being lost through urination) triggering blood pressure and blood volume to decline as a result of the kidneys not functioning properly. If body is in need of salt, water is not retained and adrenals release more Aldosterone and salt is reabsorbed from the tubule.

This drug is used as an antidepressant. Anxiety, dizziness, blurred vision, dry mouth, diarrhea, and weight gain or loss are common effects of the medications and with aging. But serious effects such as fever; seizures, tremors, chest pain, hepatic necrosis, renal failure, abnormal bleeding, and infection should be cautioned. The dosage of this medication should not be prescribed more than 40 mg daily. Monitoring for mental changes when taking this medication is needed. It should be cautioned to watch for a change in behavior from depression into a mental illness. If this occurs medical attention is needed. Nurses should also assess elderly patients taking diuretics for signs of suggesting syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic

Thank you for your information. You mention an important point to get the initial lab for BUN. I would change to CMP due to Lasix can lead to lower the level of Ca, K and Mg in a person. Loop diuretics reduce K+, Ca++ and Mg++ reabsorption (Wittner et. al, 1991, p1). We can correct the electrolyte imbalance before the treatment and prevent individuals from developing electrolyte imbalance after treatment. In addition, Lasix can cause the renal failure or worse the kidney problem. We can use the BUN and Creatinine to adjust the dose of loop diuretics. "Other side effects include hearing loss, confusion, drowsiness, problems with memory or speech and jaundice " ("Drugs", n.d.). As nurses, we are the eye of a physician. We need to

A heartbeat that is too fast is called tachycardia. A heartbeat that is too slow is called bradycardia” (National Institutes of Health, 2011). Digoxin toxicity, or digoxin digitalis starts with stomach pain, nausea and vomiting, visual disturbances, and bradycardia. These symptoms can be mistaken for the cold or flu. It is important to report any of these symptoms along with a decreased heart rate less than sixty or an increased heart rate above one hundred beats per minute to the doctor. If digoxin is being used with thiazide or loop diuretics, hypokalemia, or a decrease in potassium is common. It is important not to take any beta blockers, or additional antiarrhythmic medications, because it can lead to a slow and decreased heart rate. Sympathomimetics increase the risk of arrhythmias and thyroid hormones decrease therapeutic effects. Licorice needs to be avoided because it increases the risk of potassium depletion and high fiber meals can decrease the absorption of digoxin. If the patient feels that the digoxin is not working, causing flu like signs and symptoms, or feels muscle weakness, muscle cramps or constipation due to not enough potassium, the health care provider needs to be contacted immediately. While the patient is taking digoxin, follow up exams are very important. A blood test is done to check the levels of electrolytes of potassium, magnesium, and calcium as well as kidney and liver

several types of Diuretics are chemicals that increase urinary output. Loop diuretics are dominant due to them inhibiting the formation of the medullary gradient this helps by acting at the ascending limb within the Henle’s loop. They exert their effect by the removal of excess fluid this further causes the Individuals kidneys to produce more urine. Because of this it results in the removal of salts and water within the individual. The Loop Diuretics comprise of four different substances such as Furosemide, Bumeranide, Torsemide, and also Ethacrynic acid (Marieb ; Hoehn;,

In continuation, incidence unknown side effects are listed as: Abdominal or stomach tenderness; back, leg, or stomach pains; bleeding gums; blindness or vision changes; blisters, hives, or itching; bloating; blood in the urine or stools; bluish-colored lips, fingernails, or palms; burning, crawling, itching, numbness, painful, prickling, "pins and needles", or tingling feelings; burning of the face or mouth; chest pain; cloudy urine; confusion; constipation; continuing ringing or buzzing or other unexplained noise in the ears; convulsions; cracks in the skin; decreased frequency or amount of urine; diarrhea, watery and severe, which may also be bloody; difficulty with breathing; difficulty with swallowing; fainting spells; general body swelling; general feeling of discomfort or illness; hair loss; hearing loss; hives; increased thirst; indigestion; irregular heartbeat; large, flat, blue, or purplish patches in the skin; large, hive-like swelling on the face, eyelids, lips, tongue, throat, hands, legs, feet, or

Very common: Bradycardia Common: Myocardial ischaemia or infarction, tachycardia Uncommon: Atrioventricular block first degree, cardiac output decreased Vascular disorders: Very common: Hypotension, hypertension Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Common: Respiratory depression Uncommon: Dyspnoea, apnoea Gastrointestinal disorders Common: Nausea, vomiting, dry mouth Uncommon: Abdominal distension General disorders and administration site conditions

Diuretics are drugs that that increases the amount of urine output. Diuretics work by promoting the kidney to excrete salt and water out. This action reduces the volume of the blood an also reduce the amount work the heart has to do. The way that Lasix promotes the kidney to excrete salt and water is that since sodium, chloride and water that is filtered out of the blood is usually reabsorbed into the blood by the peritubular capillaries and the rest is eliminated from the body through urine. Furosemide works by blocking the absorption of sodium, chloride, and water from the peritubular capillaries in the kidney which causes an increase in the urine

Use with caution in the presence of uncontrolled hypertension, cardiac irregularities, hyperglycemia (diabetes), hyperthyroidism, and when other medications are being used.

Upon search it was found that the most common side effects presented lacosamide were headache, Somnolence, fatigue, chest pain, dizziness, nausea, constipation, rashes, Tremor, dry mouth, diplopia and double vision and also the serious side effects that presented were suicidal thought, psychiatric disorders (including hallucination), depression, sinus node dysfunction, cerebellar syndrome and hyper activity. (Kasarskis et al.,

As a conclusion, blood vessels may relax and open up which makes it easier for blood to flow through the vessels so in this event it can reduce the blood pressure. Renin inhibitors contributes to another medication to balance hypertension. The side effects to Renin inhibitors is dizziness, headache, diarrhea, and stuffy nose. As a result of direct renin inhibitors which help the regulation of blood pressure, blood vessels relax and widen, making it easier for blood to flow through the vessels, which also lowers blood pressure. Direct renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) all help the same process that narrows blood vessels, but each type of medicine blocks a different part of the process. Calcium channel blockers is another medication treatment option. The side effects of this medication is lightheadedness, low blood pressure, slower heart rate, drowsiness, constipation, swelling of feet, ankles and legs, increased appetite, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Calcium channel blockers dilate the blood vessels and this makes it easier for blood to flow through the vessels and balances blood

With most medications, nausea, dizziness, and diarrhea are common side effects, do not be alarmed if Jason is experiencing any of these, but also inform the nursing staff to monitor his reactions to the drugs.