Tm1110 Unit 8 Dr Ppr

3. Metal width; increasing the width of the metal will reduce the inductance; somehow it will resonate at early frequency.

The receiving coil was connected in parallel to the coupling capacitors of 100nF. These capacitors helps the coils to improve coupling co-efficient.

Here we cut a cylindrical slot in the patch with outer radius R1 and inner radius R2 (R1>R2) as shown in Fig.5. By using cylindrical slot in the above rectangular slot antenna we get all three bands as with improved return loss and bandwidth as shown in Figure 6. The three bands which we are getting are better as compared to previous result of microstrip patch antenna with four rectangular slots.

In many methods, skin and proximity effects are very important. Another important parameter is alternative current (a.c.) resistance, rac. This parameter is frequency dependence. It can be shown that rac increased with the increased of frequency (Du, & Burnett, (2000), (Demoulias, Labridis, Dokopoulos & Gouramanis, 2007), (Desmet, Vanalme, Belmans, & Van Dommelen, 2008). Some research papers used value from published graph such as by The Okonite Company and Anixter Inc. (The Okonite Company, 2001), (Anixter Inc., n.d.). However upon inspection, it was found that the graph is produced on the basis of fundamental frequency of 60 Hz and using imperial unit. Some other sources, although on 50 Hz as fundamental basis, give limited data such as (Moore, 1997), (Coates, n.d). As an alternative, formula from IEC 287-1-1 was used to calculate the rac (IEC, 1994).

This was an AM-based framework (on frequencies from 3 to 6 MHz). It worked, however, it was inclined to corrupt signal quality, which means static and impedance regularly made correspondence baffling.

In my project, I have designed and simulated microstrip patch antenna at operating frequency 2.4GHz using HFSS software .It has Substrate (FR4) having dielectric constants of 4.4.I have designed single patch antenna without DGS, 2x1 array antenna and 4x1 array antenna without DGS ,4x1 array antenna with DGS (Dumbbell shaped , Double Circular shaped, E-shaped) and analyze the results. I analyze that I god improved results in 4x1 array antenna configuration with E-shaped DGS structure in terms of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio of 1.12, Return loss of -22.12 dB, Bandwidth of 404 MHz, Gain of 7 dB etc.

The resonance frequency is in the gigahertz region and the Q of a YIG resonator can be quite C

The microstrip feed line is easy to fabricate, simple to match by controlling the inset position and rather simple to model. However as the substrate thickness increases, surface waves and spurious feed radiation increase, which for practical designs limit the bandwidth.

Microstrip antenna has quickly evolved from academic novelty to commercial reality with applications in a wide variety of microwave systems. In fact rapidly developing markets in a personal communications systems

Hence, in order to characterize properly the DFB resonant cavity, the determination of both Γ and Q-factors of the guided mode resonance is needed. Γ can be calculated easily by neglecting the grating and considering the laser structure as a uniform waveguide, while the determination of the quality Q-factor is not simple and straightforward for photonic crystal cavities. In the literature, there are few experimental and several numerical methods to determine the quality factor of a DFB cavity. One of the experimental methods consists of measuring the reflection (or transmission) spectra and then obtaining the Q-factor.31,32 Concerning the numerical calculations, the Q-factor can be

Two factors can be used to explain this phenomenon. The first one is the BT particles interact strongly with the macromolecular SR, thus restricting the mobility of the molecular chains. The second one is the polymer chain entanglement limits the movement of polymer chains [38]. The interface polarization will increase the dielectric constant as well as the dielectric loss of the composites. As shown in Figure 4(b), the dielectric loss tangent of the BT/SR composites is larger than that of the pure SR at low frequency. In addition, the dielectric loss displays a sharp decrease at a low frequency (lower than 1 kHz), caused by the DC leakage current. However, the electrode polarization can be excluded as there is no simultaneous decrease in the dielectric constant and dielectric loss with increasing frequency [42]. However, because of the weak polarization of the silicone matrix, the dielectric loss tangent of all the samples is lower than 0.015. The low dielectric loss means just a little energy dissipation during actuation, a big advantage for dielectric elastomer.

Relevant numerical techniques, which have been done with the help of MATLAB routines, are applied to solve the arising optimization problem and to find the optimum parameters of the TMD. For a given mass ratio, µ, one can assume different values of the frequency ratio, f, and for each frequency ratio assuming a range of damping factor ζ2 of the TMD and estimate the optimum parameters that minimize a certain desired output. Fig. 8 is an example of the numerical optimization conducted to estimate the optimal frequency ratio and damping factor of the TMD for two different mass ratios under wind loads modeled as white-noise. The optimization is based on the minimization of the displacement of the primary structure. In this numerical optimization, the responses of the primary structure are normalized, which means that the response obtained with the TMD when attached to the structure is divided by the corresponding response obtained without the TMD. The optimal values of the frequency ratio and the damping factor of the TMD are written on the subfigures. It is shown that a TMD with 1% mass ratio can provide a significant reduction in the displacement response of the primary structure. The reduction in the displacement depends very much on the tuning frequency and the damping ratio of the TMD. By increasing the mass ratio from 1% to 5%, the displacement response of the primary structure is reduced. However, the TMD with 5% mass ratio is more robust to the changes in the frequency

This is because maybe due to this erbium doped fiber amplifiers can amplify signals at the low loss. This type also is suitable to be use in long-haul and have low noise. Besides that, it also have wide spectral band amplification and it is manly useful for WDM application and it’s have relative flat gain (> 20 dB). In contrast, there are some disadvantage using this type which is includes it is not easily integrated with other devices because it is relatively large device (km length of fiber).

The concept of MSAs was first proposed by Deschamps in 1953. A patent were issued in France in 1955 in the names of Gutton and Baissinor. After the 1970, the research publications started to flow within the appearances of the first design equation. Since the, different authors started investigation on microstrip patch antennas like James hall, David M. Pozars and there are also some who contributed a lot. Throughout the years, the authors has dedicated there investigations to create a new designs or variations to the original antenna that, to some extent; produce either the wider bandwidth or the multiple frequency operation with in a single element. However most of these innovations bear some disadvantages related to size, height,width or overall volume of the single element and the improvement in the bandwidth suffers usually from degradation the other characteristics.

Simply it can be said that the power radiated or received by the antenna is the function of angular position and radial distribution from the antenna [24]. In the fig.24 [9] below we can see the side view of the rectangular Microstrip element associated with source, and also the radiating of E fields.