Tobacco Smoke And Its Effects On Health

Smoking is harmful to your health, your wallet, as well as the environment. Seventy out of seven thousand chemicals in cigarettes are proven to cause cancer. Smoking is in fact the number one cause of lung cancer. Lung cancer is not the only effect of smoking; cancer in the trachea, bronchus, esophagus, oral cavity,

Although it remains a large portion of the U.S’ economy, tobacco smoking can lead to a variety of diseases and disorders that affect the user. The effects of smoking tobacco not only affect the user but surrounding people as well: permanently destroying their lungs and children, increasing the chances of diseases and of cancer.

This is essentially why the Council of Australia created a partnership between all levels of Government, to work with the aboriginal communities to ‘close the gap. In 2012, the “close the gap” campaign, managed by Mr Justin Mohamed chair of the NACCHO, stated that the smoking rate of aboriginals is at 47% and in 2013 the ‘close the gap’ campaign has activities in place such as “Develop Regional Implementation”, which “cut down smoking by 20%” of those over the age of 15 who smoke. This has decreased the chance of cancer and lowers mortality rates and is slowly closing the gap between indigenous and non-indigenous men and women of Australia. The new anti-smoking campaign for 2016 was released on the 2nd of May, which looks at smoking in all Australian people and has also included advertisements with indigenous people talking about their aim to be healthy and give up smoking and not to become a statistic. According to the Victorian Health Department, indigenous people over the age of 15, are “2.8 times more likely to be daily smokers” (Healthgovau, 2016)than any

“Smoking rates have halved in Australians over the past 30 years, falling below 16%. Except for in Indigenous populations, smoking rates have remained at more than twice this level, with even higher rates reported in remote communities” (RACGP, 2013) The inequality that has been faced by Indigenous people is still at an unacceptable level, and has “been identified as a human rights concern by the United Nations” (Dick, 2007). Smoking is a major issue because, “it is the most preventable contributor to the gap in life expectancy between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples” (Ivers, 2011). “Smoking contributes to 17% of the life expectancy gap” (Australian Government: Department for Health and Welfare, 2011). The socio-economic disadvantage faced by Indigenous people leads to the addiction of tobacco, which can be caused by many factors including; their position on the social gradient, education, social exclusion, their employment status and their social support. There is a lack of developed personal skills on the health risks of tobacco, “some Aboriginals don’t identify smoking as a health issue” (Korff, 2014), due to the history of Aboriginal people around smoking. As well as first hand smoke, passive smoking also contributes to poor health, especially for children. Smoking is the major cause for heart disease, stroke, some cancers, lung diseases and a variety of other conditions (HealthInfoNet.ecu.edu.au, 2013). “If we could reduce tobacco consumption levels

Smoking is injurious to health and a preventable cause of premature death. In the U.S.; it is estimated that one in each five adults smoke currently and about 480,000 people die prematurely from diseases caused by smoking or secondhand smoke exposure. (CDC tobacco use). The economic burden of tobacco use is also significant. About $100 billion per year is spent in medical expenses and another $100 billion per year in lost productivity. There is no safe level of smoking

The negative health effects of tobacco use have been well established. Tobacco use has been shown to cause acute and chronic respiratory disease, heart disease, many types of cancer, and is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States, causing an estimated 443,000 deaths per year (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2004). As the dangers of smoking have become better understood, reducing the number of people who smoke has become a major focus for those interested in public health. Efforts to restrict the advertisement and sale of tobacco, implement public smoking bans, and educate citizens through public service announcements have all had a sizeable effect on smoking rates in the U.S. In Fact, over

‘Health promotion and primary health care principles are integral to public health as they seek extensive solutions to problems that defy biological, genetic or biochemical solutions’ (Mittlemark, cited in Keleher 2001, p. 7). However, health inequalities are still prevalent across the public health sector which need to be addressed. Particularly, this paper will focus on the National Tobacco Campaign and how these principles are incorporated in the program and their success in addressing the health inequalities associated. Smoking is one of the largest leading causes of preventable death and disease in Australia and is also ‘responsible for more drug-related hospitalisations and deaths than alcohol and illicit drugs combined’ (Australian

Australia is the world leader in tobacco control, as they became the first country that implemented plain package policy. Since December 2012, all tobacco products which are traded and brought to Australia must be in plain packaging in order to implement the National Tobacco Strategy (NTS) 2012 – 2018. (National Tobacco Strategy, 2012, p.27) The range of policies including health signs on packaging, mass media campaigns, bans on tobacco promotion, price increases, and controls on smoking and access to tobacco were implemented (ibid, p.1). As a result, 2014-2015 data shows that 14.5 percent aged 18 years and above were daily smokers (2.6 million adults), dropped from 16 percent in 2011-12. This reduction is a continuation of the trend over the past two decades. In 2001, 22.4 percent of adults smoked daily, while 23.8% of adults smoked daily in 1995 (Australian Bureau of Statistic, 2015).

There are over 1.1 billion smokers in the world-- fifteen percent of the entire population. It is said that one in every three adults is a chronic smoker. Even in America, one of the most progressive countries in the world, forty-two million (about 12.5%) people smoke chronically. Given this astonishing number, it is no surprise that smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, responsible for one in every five deaths. Only to add to that, more than 16 million Americans live with a smoking related disease. Since the 1960’s the United States government has attempted to curb these numbers as much as possible; from settling cases in the supreme court to passing new laws and regulations to counter the use of tobacco,

Since there is a high burden of smoking in rural, remote and indigenous populations, we will recruit as many people as possible from these areas. To do this, we will provide community outreach programs with study pamphlets. Those interested will be assessed in person, by their local GP or nurse, for eligibility. If eligible, these people will be invited to either travel to Melbourne or report to their local GP to continue in the

The marginal benefit and marginal cost of cigarettes are in competitive market equilibrium without government intervention, however, the negative social cost of smoking to society would likely lead to market failure without the involvement of the government (reference). Tobacco not only affects the health of its consumers, it can also affect the health of non-smokers who involuntarily inhale second-hand smoke (reference). With the continuation of tobacco consumption, society faces increased tax rates, a loss of productivity and an opportunity cost from patients suffering tobacco-induced health problems, potentially robbing others with unpreventable conditions from the medical resources and treatment they require. Each year Australians spend

According to the Acheson Report (Acheson, 1988), public health is illustrated as the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting healthy lifestyles through the organised community efforts. It emphasises on investigating and diagnosing health issues in order to protect people’s health and make the environment healthy for individuals to live (Detels et al., 2015). Smoking is strongly associated with public health because being one of the most leading causes of death around the world; it generates detrimental consequences to the health of the public. It creates physical and psychological addiction to tobacco leading to increased health risks and chronic diseases. As a result, due to its disastrous chemicals, it can also shorten the life span of the

Tobacco use remains the leading cause of preventable deaths and illnesses. Worldwide, the burden of tobacco exceeds six million deaths and half a trillion in economic loss annually. Tobacco-related deaths are projected to reach 7.4 to 9.7 million by 2030. To combat tobacco-use epidemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) enacted a Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) that included six tobacco-control strategies to guard against both demand and supply arms of tobacco use. Abbreviated as “mpower,” these strategies include monitoring tobacco use and prevention strategies; protection against tobacco smoke; offering cessation aid; warnings against tobacco-related risks; enforcing advertising, promotional, and sponsorship bans; and raising taxation on tobacco products. ,

New Zealand Government has taken numerous activities to quit smoking among Maori pregnant woman (Ministry of Health,[MOH] 2014) .IN 2011 government set an objective, to make smoke free New Zealand in 2025 (MOH,2014). Government provided many rules for helping individuals to quit smoking, among them ABC approach (Ask about smoking history, Give Brief advice, Cessation) is effective among Maori pregnant woman. (MOH ,2014). ABC approach serves to do evidence based clinical practice, and provides smoking cessation programs like Quitline ,face to face discussion (Aukati kai paipa)etc (MOH,n.d). ABC approach specially focused to some groups like Maori, pacific and pregnant woman ,and the primary point is to diminish the rate

Efforts to eliminate the behavior continue to be a goal for the government and thus, an important focus for the Australian National Preventive Health Agency (ANPHA). ANPHA counter this serious situation in cooperation with the Universal McCann Australia, the media agency, and reduce the prevalence of daily smoking from 15% to 10% or less by the year of 2018.