Token Economies Have A Long History Of Being Identified As Evidence Based Practice

The Dependent Variable was identified as the motivating operations. The independent variables were the behavioral function of the motivating operation; as the MO could operate as both as a reinforcer or punisher and having the ability to increase or decrease the effectiveness of a consequence or intervention. (p.408) Through the studying of previous research it was identified that the term Abolishing Operations should also be utilized to define operations that have abolishing effects. In the review of previous research; the Northrup et al (1997) utilized methylphenidate as an AO for food coupons and as an EO for food related to activity reinforcers.(p.409) in the Horner et al. (1997) utilized motivating effects of

Content area F, Behavior-Change Systems, includes the task list item F-02: Use token economies and other conditioned reinforcement systems (Behavior Analyst Certification Board, 2014). My submission for this content area is the token economy assignment from SPE 565, which demonstrates the implementation of a token economy system. A token economy system uses items which are placed or attached to a board to positively reinforce desired behaviors. While the items used may have little to no value, they can be saved and used to gain access to a more desired item or activity. The intervention works by conducting a preference assessment to identify the items with the strongest reinforcement value. These items can be used as the rewards, or back-up

reward, or token from someone? This type of motivation is extrinsically motivated. I think most

Token economies have been used successfully to reduce the latency of responding to instructions; Buisson, Murdock, Reynolds and Cronin (1995) used a token economy to decrease the response latency for completing headings within a set time limit in hearing impaired children and Fjellstedt and Sulzer-Azároff (1973) used a token system to reduce latency of a student who did not follow directions in a given time limit. The children received tokens, which were paired to back up reinforcers contingent upon them being compliant and following directions within the time limit set.

They were able to control the curricula and everything about the entire learning experience along with conducting small scale complimentary experiments to better understand why the effects observed were happening. The hope was to determine which key skills children should acquire to prepare them for later success. The overarching theme in this experiment was that parents, teachers, and students from preschool to ninth grade were motivated to perform better when they were incentivized. Additionally, when students and teachers were provided with an incentive and threatened with the loss of the incentive, everyone preformed

Only this time, there will be a reward and punishment system in the form of a token economy that should influence my behavior. During the conditioning trials period, (Monday, March 27th through Friday, April 14th weekdays only), I will follow the exact same procedures that I did the previous week. I will wake up at exactly 6:00 am when my alarm goes off, get out of bed, and note the date, time, and whether or not I accomplished the task successfully. However, this time the number of times and star stickers that indicate I successfully accomplish this task will matter more. If I successfully wake up at 6:00 am during each weekday session (five days in a row), I will reward myself by going to see a movie on the weekend. If I wake up on time only 4 out of the five weekday sessions, then I will reward myself with watching one movie on Netflix during the weekend. Going to the movies and watching a movie on Netflix will be positive reinforcement. If I fail to wake up on time for three days in a row during a specific conditioning week, then I will not watch any movie at all. Furthermore, I will not allow myself to access Netflix. This will be a negative punishment. Ultimately, the desired behavior of waking up at 6:00 am weekday mornings will be positively reinforced by the reward of getting to watch a movie on the weekend. Failure to wake up at 6:00 am for three or more weekdays will be negatively

In this case analysis we shall be examining the unintended contradictory results that reward systems bring about and recommendations in solving the issues highlighted

1. Use as many motivational theories as you can to explain why the reward system adopted by Mary Kay works in China?

of the company encourages the same. The research will align the reward system and ultimate goals

The Holiday Store provides acknowledgment and appreciation for pro-social behavior. Acknowledgment for positive participation is the positive response for expected behaviors by youths. According to social learning theory, the behavior is significant for reinforcement or lack of reinforcement that follows the action. Behavior is reinforced through incentive (positive reinforcement) and avoidance of punishment (negative reinforcement) or weakened by aversive stimuli (positive punishment) and loss of incentive (negative punishment) (Akers et al. 1979). Reinforcement affects an individual’s motivation to engage in similar behavior in the future. Social reinforcers have major effects on behavior. These social reinforcers can come from the peer group,

According to Snowman & McCown, token economies are used to strengthen behavior. It is another type of behavior modification strategy that can be used with students to effectively promote good behavior within the classroom. Token economies are based upon a monetary system in which tokens are used to acquire desired reinforcers. A token is something that has little or no inherent value but that can be used to “purchase” items that do have inherent value (Snowman & McCown, 2012). Teachers will create a reinforcement menu which includes the items that can be “purchased” by tokens. Students will receive these tokens accordingly when they use the target behaviors appropriately. When students acquire a certain number of tokens for displaying good behavior, these can be exchanged for certain objects or activities in order to reinforce the

Incentives are seen everywhere in daily life and they appear in a variety of ways. Whether a person is making a choice between what to eat for lunch or when to go to bed, they are being influence by incentives. For example, images of an appealing lunch meal in a TV commercial may make someone choose Subway over Mcdonalds. However, the same thought process can motivate someone to prefer a meal at McDonalds because of the company’s constant promotion of their “dollar menu” (Mcdonalds, 2013). Either of these incentives can appeal to a person, depending on what they are motivated by, in this case, either health or money.

One of the simplest and most commonly-used methods of conceptualizing learning is that of reinforcement theory (Noe 2010: 142). Every time a parent promises a child a toy for being good during a grocery store trip or threatens a teen with being grounded for bad grades, he or she is using reinforcement theory. Reinforcement theory is based upon the assumption that people want to experience as much pleasure as possible and avoid pain. Thus, businesses offer workers bonuses for good work, and issue reprimands (such as docking pay or denying a promotion) for poor behavior.

While watching “The Puzzle of Motivation” by Dan Pink, I was very intrigued. Throughout the entire talk, there were several interesting points that were made. It really interested me when Pink talked about the group that was rewarded. Pink stated that if the contestants were in the top 25% of the fastest times, they would be rewarded five dollars. With this incentive, most would hope to do well, if not better than the person that would not be rewarded. Pink then goes on to point out the results. How much faster did the group that was offered a reward actually do? On average, it took them three and a half minutes longer. This really stood out to me because when offered a reward for a task, normally a person would be more motivated and thus do better. What amazed me even more was that this isn’t just a one time thing. This is has been replicated over and over for nearly 40 years. As Pink says around 04:33, “These contingent motivators -- if you do this, then you get that -- work in some circumstances. But for a lot of tasks, they actually either don 't work or, often, they do harm.” These rewards that are being offered are being used to attempt to sharpen thinking and accelerate creativity, but instead it’s proving to do the opposite. It’s proving to dull thinking and block creativity.

Hyperbolic discounting has been shown in child psychology studies with the Stanford marshmallow experiement.1 In this study, a child was offered a choice between one marshmallow immediately or two marshmallows after a short period of time, usually around 15 minutes. Follow up studies have shown the children who were able to wait longer for the two marshmallows tended to have better life outcomes, as measured by SAT scores, educational attainment, body mass index, and other life