Token Economy Case Study

Looking at behavior of students with Autism Spectrum Disorders it can often be categorized in four broad categories. Attention/access is behavior that occurs so the child can obtain something that they want. (Heflin & Alaimo, 2011) Avoidance/Escape is a behavior that allows the child to escape something that is undesirable. (Heflin & Alaimo, 2011) Sensory-based is behavior that occurs to solicit pleasurable feedback. (Heflin & Alaimo, 2011) Pain attenuation is a behavior that so that a pain does not hurt so much not seen a lot in education. (Heflin & Alaimo, 2011) Three of the four behaviors will be addressed in how they manifest in the classroom, examples of these behaviors and recommendations to deal with behaviors.

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The No Child Left Behind and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act entail that students with disabilities or special needs to be open to the overall education and determine the progress of the child. Three unsurpassed practice strategies for supporting young children on the autism spectrum (including Asperger's Syndrome) in an early learning environment. The first strategy is reinforcement. Reinforcement is a critical strategy of evolving and maintaining the enthusiasm of this type of student. A teacher must use objective or actions that the students would like or enjoy that can be obtainable behavior. In my field experience observed I have seen the Pre-K teacher use the computer and smartboard to interact with the class as well

These practices are not bribes of food and toys, but rather encouragement and support. In accordance with the Code of Ethics of the (BACB), rewards of a harmful nature in the long term are never in the best interests of a participant. Significant results in addressing problematic aggression have been documented by the application of the ABA model and positive reinforcement. Therapists have helped make advancements in behavior, academics, and more advanced life skill sets. The ABA's approach must be as wide as the autism spectrum to fit everyone in it and grow together. Experienced ABA professionals work together to bring customized treatment to every participant involved. Learning is constant for the entirety of everyone's lives. Living a quality life takes some practice, and the more practice, the better the results

The cut off range for children with autism to receive Intensive Behavioural Intervention (IBI) is radically pushing away children over 5 years old out of the waiting list to access IBI therapy. The government alleges that this is done in order to lower the waiting time for children 4 years old and younger to access IBI. This age window is crucial because this is when IBI is most effective. It is implied that older children will benefit more from Applied Behavioural Analysis (ABA). Due to this the government allots parents “$8,000 in one-time funding” (Ministry of children and youth services, 2016) which not only increases marginalization of older children from low- income families, but also pushes to poverty middle-income families. This seemingly indemnity package from the government effectively cuts access to lower income

The observations took place in the Scholastic Middle School for Ruby Gold who is 11 years old and in 7th grade. Her Special education teacher Mrs. Rock describes her strengths as follows, one step directions, letter recognition, patterns and visuals, at times motivated to do work with the token economy system (phoenix feathers). She also mentioned that Ruby enjoys music, dancing and eating food. She imitates and responds to modeling. She is currently in a self-contained Developmental Cognitive Disability room and is assisted by a one to one para-professional. Her IEP states her primary disability is ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) and secondary disability Developmental Cognitive Disability (DCD) with Mild Mental Retardation (MMR). She is supported

A multiple stimuli without replacement (MSWO) preference assessment was conducted to identify tangible reinforcers to use as part of the token system as a means to reduce undesired student behavior. According to Daly, Wells, Swanger-Gagné, Carr, Kunz, and Taylor (2009), multiple-stimulus without replacement (MSWO) preference assessments are helpful for identifying preferred common classroom activities as reinforcers with children with behavioral disorders. Using an MSWO, Daly et al. (2009) identified and used high, medium, and low preferred stimulus contingent on the completion of math problems. The researchers reported a high correlation between the preference ranking and number of problems the students completed. For this study, the MSWO assessment will be conducted over the course of three consecutive days. For a selected item to be ranked as preferred, it must be selected in at least 80% of opportunities (Tarbox, Ghezzi, & Wilson, 2006).

Many treatment approaches have developed different ways of dealing with the challenges of autism. First, there is the theory of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), which consists of giving a child a specific task, which teaches skills from basic ones to more complex ones, such as social interaction. Children taking this approach, work 30-40 hours a week with a trained professional. (West 66) It may be emotionally difficult for the child, and his/her parents to dedicate so much time, yet it is worth it. However, it has been proven that ABA methods have shown consistent results in teaching new skills and behaviors to children with autism. (West 68)

Only allowing an autistic child get a reward if they do everything right. These things can include things that are not considered a reward to neurotypical child, such as, reading and affection.

The purpose of social mainstreaming is so that children are better able to observe and learn how other children react and behave correctly in social situations. Autistic children often learn through imitation, or learning how to “copy” the behavior of someone else. Studies have shown that a structured routine is very helpful because it supports the need to be constantly aware of what everyone else is doing and begin doing it as well. If there is too much unpredictable change, most autistic children have the tendency to become more withdrawn socially. The most obvious reasoning for this is because they must work harder to imitate the behavior of the others around them. One helpful way to help children cope with change or transition is through the use of verbal or physical representations of the process of change (Davis 57). This not only demolishes the excuse for autistic children to remain in inclusion classrooms, but it also provides a very real suggestion in order to deal with the social and structural changes within a classroom. With a view of correct behavior within a regular classroom with regular learners, an autistic child is better able to grasp his or her personal behavioral patterns, and react or “imitate” appropriately in certain

Pivotal response treatment (PRT) is a form of naturalistic behavioral intervention based on the principles of applied behavior analysis, which assumes that children’s impairments can be improved with environmental manipulations such as reinforcement, consequences, and extinction (Koegel, Koegel, & Carter, 1999; Stahmer, Suhrheinrich, Reed, Bolduc, & Schreibman, 2010). Pivotal response treatment (PRT) is one of the few interventions used in the treatment of children with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that is both comprehensive, as listed by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, and empirically supported. It is also recognized by the National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability that can cause significant social, communication, and behavior challenges and was first described by Dr. Leo Kanner in 1943 (Brown & Percy, 2007). Individuals with ASD can range from high functioning to low functioning in their ability to learn, think, and problem solve (Brown & Percy, 2007). Behavior problems are common among individuals with ASD (Hill at el, 2014). Kogan (2009) estimates that approximately 637,000 children in the U.S. alone have ASD and within those 637,000 children, Hagopian (2007) suggests that half of those children, who are diagnosed with ASD, also display problem behavior. According to Hagopian & Hardesty (2014), Applied Behavior

ASD can be defined as an array of neurobehavioral disorders that are "characterized by various degrees of impaired social interaction and communication, and repetitive, stereotyped behavior". Children with autism typically exhibit some form of cognitive impairment in learning, functioning, attention, and sensory processing (Jolly, 2015).Successful treatment of the hospitalized child with ASD is to listen to and encourage active involvement of the family or caregiver. Establishing a clear method of communication with the child will also contribute to therapeutic care for the patient (Jolly, 2015). It is of utmost importance to identify the manner in which the child best understands information and how the child best expresses needs. A routine is a comfort mechanism for the child with ASD (Jolly, 2015).While trying to encourage the use of a routine in the hospital setting, using the same caregivers may also decrease patient anxiety. The nurse should work with the family to identify if the patient is particularly agitated by touch, sound, smell, sight, tastes, or foods (Jolly, 2015). Each child is different, and identifying each one's unique agitators will help make the child as comfortable as possible while in the hospital setting. Many children with ASD respond well to reward systems, which may be a way to overcome a child's increasing

Moreover, kids who are on the Autism spectrum, and families of kids on the spectrum have very limited options in the middle east, for the lack of education has resulted in a scarce of well-equipped and trained facilities, orgs, and special educations classes that can help children learn basic everyday life activities; even if these facilities are available, the expenses are way beyond what an average Middle Eastern family can afford, and these few facilities are very difficult to reach. Not only is access limited, but there is also no legal support to demand the right if these individual’s. Many of the stereotypies that characterize autism can be reduced, or managed through ealry intervention, and lack of Access negates any possibility of behavioral

It also includes restricted repetitive behaviors, interests and activities. These issues cause significant impairment in social, occupational and other areas of functioning.” (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014) Also, individuals with ASD may be susceptible for sensory overload. Since communication and interactions with others is a necessity in schools, students with Autism need assistance in coping with this disorder. Methods of intervention will be discussed in the paper. One of those methods is the use of