Toluene Hydroealkylation Process

Figure 3. Diagrammic representation of how the apparatus should be set up to heat the de-ionized water, in which carbon dioxide gas would be dissolved afterwards in a gas syringe, to a selected temperature with the aid of temperature measurement by thermometer

A cold, wet pipe cleaner was then added to the top of the reaction flask to keep the column cold which caused no vapors to rise into the column.

Alkanes are relatively unreactive. There are only a few types of reactions commonly performed. In this lab, halogenation was performed. In the methane molecule, the

There are several methods by which industry converts purified ethylene gas into polyethylene; a commonly used one is by means of a fluidized reactor bed. Before ethylene is sent to the fluidized bed, it needs to be first compressed and heated, then metallic catalyst particles are used to keep polyethylene molecules stuck together (this is done when the ethylene enters the reactor). Lastly, polyethylene comes out of the reactor as granular powder, which is later melted and extruded into plastic products (University of Washington).

Abstract: Using hypochlorous acid to convert secondary alcohol called cyclododecanol to the corresponding ketone which is cyclododecanone by oxidation.

The crude product was washed by taking the reaction product in the separatory funnel and adding 23 mL of deionized H2O. The mixture was shaken and allowed to settle until layers were observable. The top layer was the desired product and approximately 25 mL of aqueous layer was extracted from the separatory funnel. Next, 25 mL of 5% NaHCO3 was added to the separatory funnel in order to neutralize the acid. This mixture was swirled, plugged with the stopper and inverted. Built-up gas was released by turning the stopcock to its opened and closed positions, releasing CO2 by-product. This was done four times in one minute intervals. The solution was allowed to settle until layers were observable. The bottom layer that contained salt, base and water was extracted from the separatory funnel. The crude product was washed again as mentioned previously.

First, the simple distillation apparatus was set up. An oil bath was placed on a hot plate. A 100mL round-bottomed flask was submerged in the oil and held using a clamp and ring stand. The round-bottomed flask was then connected to the distillation head ensuring that the joint was greased. The thermometer was placed inside the distillation head so that the top of the bulb was level with the arm of the distillation head. The distillation head was attached then to the condenser held up by a clamp and ring

5.Position gas collecting hose so it runs from reaction vessel through gas collecting box to opening of the graduated cylinder. The idea is that any gas coming through the tube will rise in the graduated cylinder and displace the water in it.

Haber-Bosch process = synthetic production of fertilizers by combining nitrogen and hydrogen to synthesize ammonia

process takes place for horizontal pipeline, that is responsible for collecting the natural gases. A

A more detailed explanation of procedures can be found in the lab packet.1 To summarize, samples of benzoic acid and naphthalene were combusted using the Parr 1341 Calorimeter with a Parr oxygen bomb. A massed benzoic acid pellet was placed onto the center of the combustion pan and 10 cm of nickel alloy fuse wire was massed and then threaded through both electrodes on the head of the bomb so that it lay firmly against the acid pellet. 1mL of distilled water was then placed in the bottom of the bomb in order to ensure that all the water produced by the

* This system was designed to help stop the reaction if too much heat was generated.

Once cooled, the mixture was then transferred to a separatory funnel using the funnel while avoiding adding the boiling chip. 10 ml of water was then added to the mixture. The mixture was gently shaken and the phases were allowed to separate. The funnel was then unstopped and the lower aqueous phase was drained into a beaker. 5 ml of 5% aqueous NaHCO3 was added and then shaken gently. A great deal of caution was taken into consideration because of the production of carbon dioxide gas which caused pressure to develop inside the funnel. The pressure needed to be released so the funnel was vented frequently. The phases were allowed to separate and the lower aqueous phases was drained into the beaker. After draining, 5 ml of saturated NaCl was added to the funnel and then shaken gently. Once again, the phases were allowed to separate and the lower aqueous phase was drained into a beaker. An ester product was produced and was transferred into a 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask. This organic product was then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 to trap small amounts of water in its crystal lattices thus removing it from the product. Finally the ester was decanted, so that the drying agent was excluded from the final product.

Equipment, Materials, and Method The equipment used were a jacketed batch reactor beaker, cooling water circulation system, computer, LabPro temperature probe and conductivity probe, mixing stand and magnetic stir bar. The materials used for this reaction were a 0.08M NaOH solution and a 0.1M ethyl acetate solution. A 20% excess Ethyl acetate was used to ensure NaOH was the limiting reactant.[1] NaOH was chosen for the limiting reactant because of its high conductivity relative to Ethyl acetate. The extent of the reaction was monitored by measuring the conductivity throughout the reaction. With NaOH being the limiting reactant, the change in conductivity is more visible, and the termination of the reaction can

The remaining NaCl and SiO2 will be combined with H2O, where NaCl will be extracted. The residue will be SiO2, where it will be heated.