This technique increases the constellation size so that each of the point in the original basic constellation can be mapped into several equivalent points in the expanded constellation. Since substituting a point in the basic constellation for a new point in the larger constellation is equivalent to injecting a tone of the appropriate frequency and phase in the multicarrier signal, therefore, this technique is called tone injection. The extra degrees of freedom, which is generated as each symbol in the data block can be mapped into one of the several equivalent constellation points, can be utilized for peak to average power ratio reduction. The distance between the original and extended points is D. The receiver remains unaltered. D is …show more content…
Various works are available in literature mainly focusing on complexity reduction of optimization problem. A gradient algorithm is proposed where the gradient of clipping noise mean square error is calculated and optimization of signal to clipping noise ratio is done in place of peak to average power ratio and order of complexity is O(N). A truncated IDFT algorithm is proposed where in place of calculating entire IDFT values, it calculates on maximal IDFT element thus reducing complexity of optimization process. The basic idea is to divide the group in two halves of N/2 and leave the half with lesser energy and move in similar way till we reach the maximum energy element, however this scheme may not always give correct maximal IDFT element, it also costs in lower peak to average power ratio reduction. For designing the peak cancelling signal clipping noise is analysed and several iterations of clipping and filtering are used till desired peak cancellation signal is generated. References also proposed an adaptive-scaling algorithm and constant-scaling algorithm for tone reservation. LSA-TR method with fast convergence is proposed which is based on least square approximation and used to find the peak cancelling signal faster than clipping control TR method. References used genetic algorithm to find the optimal PRC set, it also discussed an adaptive amplitude clipping tone reservation algorithm (AAC-TR) to solve the optimization
Communication embodies the ability for one to convey a message through the use of verbals (words) and non-verbals (behaviours) in a process to compare, transmit and interpret messages. Garside and Kleiner (2007) portrays communication as sharing thoughts and feelings with other people. For this process to be effective the message should be transmitted with "maximum accuracy and minimum effort" (Garside and Kleiner 2007) with "mindfulness" (Burgoon, Bieger and Waldron 2002) from both parties. Mindfulness requires the sender and receiver to be alert to "the content, situation and sequence of verbal messages, as well as the paralinguistic cues, gestures, facial expression, body movements and cues produced by the physical environment that
* Innocent Child Voice: Ethos is appealed through this ‘innocent child voice’ which is uncorrupted and honest. Creates a sense of innocence and truth which is desperate to be heard. Develops a sympathetic appeal and demands the audience’s attention.
This process of Fourier transform and back-transform establishes the essential frequency components of the temporal data while eliminating high-frequency noise. This is a powerful technique to:
There are many different types of filters that can be used for decimating, including: cascaded comb-integrator (CIC); direct form polyphase finite impulse response (FIR); half-band FIR; symmetric polyphase FIR filters; transposed direct form II infinite impulse response (IIR) and quasi-linear IIR filters amongst others. As well as using these different configurations, hybrid types can be used for more efficient implementations designed either for better magnitude response, lower power consumptions or
To start off, I would like to say that I am interesting in taking AP English Literature and Composition for a variety of reasons. I believe it would be a great class to get me ready for collage, which would be the main reason. I love to read and I want to become better at analyzing my reading and learn strategies to get better at that skill. I want to continue to grow in the areas of analyzing literature and to transcend in that area of expertise. Also, not to mention, it would look good on collage applications. Lastly, I know that there is a lot of reading in the class and I want to explore more novels and read more of the olden classics.
In order to test the effectiveness of IGA and GA when solving the timetabling problem, a comparison with the PSO algorithm was performed to investigate trends of performance. All coding was written in MATLAB code and the test case focused on the three above algorithms. All tests were executed on a 3.30 Ghz Intel core i5 processor with 16 GB of ram. The convergence graphs for IGA, GA, and PSO below shows progress until a valid solution for each of the algorithms were discovered. Each of the algorithms simulated 1,000 generations. The graph in Figure 10 - 14 provides a comparison of the proposed algorithm with the conventional population operator based algorithm.
The comparison of above three algorithms for 8, 16 and 32 bit operands with corresponding voltage and frequency are tabulated in table I
The Muse or Terpsichore is considered one of the most mysterious and realistic pieces of art in the Carlos Museum on Emory's campus. The Muse is a statue of a woman who is made out of marble. The statue lacks arms which adds to its mystery. Moreover, the marble itself gives the statue a rich and elegant design. As for the usage, the statute was possibly used as a decoration for homes around Greece because the statue is small and portable compared to a human size statue. The statue also has the features of a goddess, which could of indicated that she was possibly used as a protection or luck charm as well. The goddess look comes from the facial expression and the pose, which adds to the statue’s power and leadership. The woman’s face is smooth and soft, which adds to its beauty. Moreover, the powerful features that makes the statue stand out are
"The Woman Warrior" consists of five stories which focuses on five women: Kingston's long-dead aunt, "No-Name Woman"; a mythical female warrior, Fa Mu Lan; Kingston's mother, Brave Orchid; Kingston's aunt, Moon Orchid; and finally Kingston herself. Based on her mother's stories, which are integrated with Kingston's imagination, "The Woman Warrior" reveals her past childhood experiences, and explores her struggle to reconcile her Chinese heritage with her American identity. It is only at the very end that Kingston realizes that, through her writing, she can express her concern about the unfairness toward the voiceless Chinese women.
The majority of people in my composition class have jobs--to be exact, seventeen out of twenty-three. The three students who make up my interview group, Jessica, Michanda, and Connor, are part of that statistic. Connor is a lifeguard at Kelly Rec Center and states, "I like it because it's really easy." Jessica also enjoys her job waiting tables at Fish City Grille. When asked why she likes it, she replied, "I love talking to the old people." Jessica highlighted other reasons why she "loves" her job, such as getting half off the food, interesting coworkers, and the simplicity of it. Michanda's job as a customer service representative at Syke's requires her to talk to people too, except over the phone. Since she speaks English, French, and Creole, Michanda assists a variety of callers. French-speaking customers are her favorite because "they just want to know their account balance." Although Connor and Jessica like their jobs, Michanda doesn't care much for hers. She doesn't like dealing with angry customers who "only call to scream at you."
3 Assignment 1 Timbre is what allows a listener to distinguish between two different sounds. It allows the listener to recognize the difference between different songs, such as ABC (The Jackson 5) (1970), and Back in Black (AC/DC) (1980). It also enables the listener to decipher a variety of notes in a piece of music, and even recognize individuals by the sound of their voice.
Tone Injection (TI) is a distortionless technique that reduce peak to average power ratio significantly without data rate loss and does not require the extra side information. However, the optimal TI scheme requires an exhaustive search for all combinations of possible permutations of the expanded constellation, which is a potential problem for practical applications. Jung-Chieh Chen and Chao-Kai Wen (2010) formulates the peak to average power ratio reduction with TI scheme as a particular combinatorial optimization problem. Next they proposed the application of the cross entropy method to solve the problem. Computer simulation results show that the proposed cross entropy method obtains the desired peak to average power ratio reduction with low computational complexity.
The algorithm adaptively selects the appropriate approach to achieve the largest possible decrease in PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO, given the available PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO reduction approaches. In this work, they employed two PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO reduction approaches: one is interleaving and the other is subcarrier phase adjustment. The results show that for a wide range of operating conditions, the proposed algorithm achieves a large decrease in PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO.
Chin-Liang Wang and Yuan Ouyang ( 2005) introduce a Selected mapping method .The Selected mapping method approach provides good performance for peak to average power ratio reduction reduction, but it requires a bank of Inverse Fast Fourier Transforms to generate a set of candidate transmission signals, and this requirement usually results in high computational complexity. The author suggests low-complexity conversions to replace the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform blocks in the conventional Selected mapping method method. Two novel Selected mapping method schemes were proposed with much lower complexity than the conventional one; the first method uses only one Inverse Fast Fourier Transform block to generate the set of candidate signals, while the second one uses two Inverse Fast Fourier Transform blocks. Computer simulation results show that, as compared to the conventional Selected mapping method scheme, the first proposed approach has slightly worse peak to average power ratio reduction reduction performance and the second proposed one reaches almost the same peak to average power ratio reduction reduction performance.
By Tribuvan Kumar Prakash Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering Visveswaraiah Technological University, Karnataka, 2004. August 2007