The first respondent sued the appellant, in tort, for damages for personal injury. The injury was inflicted by three unknown men, one armed with a baseball bat, who criminally assaulted the first respondent in a car park. There is no suggestion that the appellant was vicariously responsible for the conduct of the attackers. The basis of liability is said to be that the appellant was the occupier of the car park; that, at the time of the attack, the car park lights were off; that, in the circumstances of the case, which will be set out in more detail below, the failure to leave the lights on was negligent; that the risk of harm of the kind suffered was foreseeable; and that the negligence was a cause of the harm.
The primary issue argued in the appeal concerns the principle upon which an occupier of land may be liable, in an action for negligence, to a person who, whilst on the land, is injured as a result of the deliberate wrongdoing of a third party. There was also an issue as to causation.
The facts
The appellant was the owner of a shopping centre in a suburb of Adelaide, known as the Modbury Triangle Shopping Centre ("the Centre"). The first respondent was employed by Focus Video Pty Ltd ("Focus Video"), which leased premises in the Centre, used as a video shop. The Centre had a large outdoor area for car parking. The video shop faced the car park. Nearby, there were all-hours automatic teller machines. At night, the car park was dark (except for slight illumination
There are two defences to an action in negligence: contributory negligence and voluntary assumption of risk. (FoBL, 2005, p83) This case only involves contributory negligence.
The Plaintiff is claiming $35 million from the State of NSW, which is purported to be vicariously liable for the Land and Environment Court and Pain J [1]. This claim includes nullifying Pain J’s judgment [14], and it is accompanied by Motions to uphold Lloyd J’s dismissal and refund the Plaintiff’s filing fees [2].
In the district court trial, the jury sided with the plaintiff and ruled that the St. Louis Hockey Club was vicariously liable for the plaintiff’s injuries. The trial court agreed with the plaintiff’s argument that as per the doctrine of respondeat superior, the defendant was liable for their employee’s negligent actions that led to the plaintiff’s injuries. As part of their
(b) An owner, lessee, or occupant of land does not owe a duty of care to a trespasser on the land and is not liable for any injury to a trespasser on the land, except that an owner, lessee, or occupant owes a duty to refrain from injuring a trespasser wilfully, wantonly, or through gross negligence.
Historically, the transferred intent doctrine has been applied to five intentional torts. The five torts are battery, assault, false imprisonment, trespass to chattel, and trespass to land. Under transferred intent, if the defendant intends any of these five torts, but her acts, instead or in addition, result in any of the other five intentional torts, the defendant is liable, even though she did not intend the other tort. The transferred intent rule may have emerged because these five torts were historically associated with a single action for trespass. The concept of trespass was not limited to the contemporary meaning of trespass to land, but embodied many types of direct injuries. It is important, consequently, Torts, is a large area of private law concerned with compensating those who have been injured by the wrongdoing of others to recognize that courts have applied the concept only to these five intentional torts. The law of torts is mainly judge-made law; courts over the centuries have defined people 's rights and obligations with respect to their fellows. These are constantly in flux and change to meet new technological and social concerns. The example for our case would be the case law of Donoghue v. Stevenson. This is one of the most important cases in English tort law history. The judges determined that each citizen has a duty of care for his or her fellow citizens where it is
When reporting a personal injury claim, you should always be aware of your rights. If you are involved in a personal injury claim, you should be aware of the legal rules that could apply to your case. Keep reading below to see an overview of the key Alabama laws that are applicable to personal injury cases.
From the beginning of this litigation, Appellant has argued that his Property was damaged by Respondent’s negligence and that he is entitled to compensation for this damage to his Property.
In case #1, Helen Happy could pursue court action, because of the situation she was in during her encounter with Zeb Zuggins. In Business Law in Canada, written by Richard A. Yates, Teresa Bereznicki-Korol, and Trevor Clarke, a tort is committed when, “one person causes injury to another, harming his or her person, property or reputation (p.99). For Helen Happy, who has suffered both physical and psychological injuries, the tort law can help her obtain compensation and punish the defendant, Zeb Zuggins for his wrongful behaviour. As the plaintiff, who suffered a number of losses after the incident, she could argue trespass to person, specifically battery, after Zeb pushed her to the passenger’s seat, punched her, and threw her out of the car. In order to prove battery in a court room, the action must be unwanted, intentional and involve physical contact. Furthermore, in this case, it can be argued that Ike Inkster’s carelessness provided Zeb with the opportunity to escape the van because Ike’s co-worker was left with an unrestrained inmate, while Ike left to check upon the accident in front of them. Since Ike and Melvin were working during business hours, the tort occurred while they were on shift, and Helen Happy could hold the Alberta Correctional Services potentially liable for the incident that happened on January 26th, 2013. According to (Yates et al. 2013), in Business Law in Canada, a business can be vicariously liable for the actions of an employee during employment
In the first case, Brenda and Carl are playing in a basketball game on opposing teams. During the game, Carl gets into a heated argument with one of the other teammates. Carl attempts to punch the teammate in the face, however the teammate ducks and he accidently punches Brenda with full force. The impact is so big that it breaks Brenda’s nose and she is rushed to the hospital. Brenda sues Carl for $30,000 in medical expenses related to the injury and the tuition lost when she was not able to attend school. The ruling is that even though Carl did not intend to break Brenda’s nose, he did intend on hitting the other teammate and causing harm onto him. However, I also blame the other teammate for ducking his head and being part of the physical altercation that lead Brenda to be injured. Therefore, I rule both Carl and his teammate liable for Brenda’s injury. Waldron believes that in the case between Fate and Hurt, it is unfair that Fate has full liability for his moment of carelessness when Fortune did the same act and did not have to pay any reparations.
The services of personal injury attorneys are sought when a person claims to have been physically or psychologically injured because of the negligence or incorrect actions of a third-party. The third-party could be another individual, a government, a company, corporation, business, school or any other entity. Personal injury attorneys specialize in an area of the law, known as Tort law. Tort law includes non-economic and economic injuries to a person's right, reputation and or property. It also includes civil actions. These attorneys are educated and trained in general law, and in all areas of the law, but they typically handle cases that are related to personal injuries or Tort law. They often handle injuries that result from a car or other
Tort and negligence is an age has resulted in many court cases resulting in certain procedures and conditions businesses, schools or even individuals may have to abide by. However in a case due to failure to follow procedure Ray Knight, a middle student is shot. Upon further examination, it will be determined whether the school is liable for this incident, and if so what is the reasoning and what defensible grounds the school may have to stand on. Firstly looking upon the failure of procedure regarding the school and the grounds of which the student was suspended. Secondly examining further evidence of how proper notice was not given to the parents resulting proceeding the failure of procedure and therefore fulfilling four elements of negligence. While examining in defense of the school that Ray’s parents may have been irresponsible for not caring for their child. Finally, that the student maybe at fault because of his own negligence that the school may use as a defense. Ultimately coming to a distinction of whom is at fault in this case.
In September 2013, a fight between two bike gangs sprawled out of a restaurant and onto the streets of the Gold Coast. Now, two innocent bystanders who got caught up in the fight have sued the Queensland Police for injuries they allege they received at the hands of the police. It happens in life that you are not always going to be in the right place at the right time. However, if you do get injured in a situation you could not control, it is important that you look to be reimbursed for any medical expenses that you are now out of pocket. To do this, you need to take two steps.
A personal injury is a kind of injury that was caused by carelessness of someone else and not the fault of your own. A personal injury does not merely lead to physical harm, swellings, and broken bones however might also be worse resulting in hospital stays and rehabilitation. A personal injury can even create emotional anxiety and monetary burden in the event that the individual or group of people get hospitalized due to the injury and will have to pay for expensive hospitalization, minor or a major operation and medications. If a person with a personal injury is not able to return to his work for a particular period of time, then they will certainly have worse financial problems as they would not have the income to pay for the bills and daily expenditures. A personal injury lawyer is very important when filing a claim against an insurance company or individual.
It is apparent that Steven was not paying enough attention when crossing the road on the night of the accident. Thus, Steven was, to a degree, also negligent as he did not adequately check that the road was clear. When deciding the degree of contributory negligence the courts must look at what reduction of damages pay-out is "just and equitable having regard 's to the claimant 's share in the responsibility for the damage". In order to reach a percentage of blameworthiness for each side, a broad comparison must be made of both the individual contributions from the pursuer and the defender, looking at both the causation of damage and the blameworthiness.
The first point to note when analysing occupiers’ liability is that originally it was separate to the general principles of negligence which were outlined in Donoghue v Stevenson .The reason for this “pigeon hole approach” was that the key decision of occupiers’ liability, Indermaur v Dames was decided sixty six years prior to the landmark decision of Donoghue v Stevenson . McMahon and Binchy state the reason why it was not engulfed into general negligence, was because it “… had become too firmly entrenched by 1932 … to be swamped by another judicial cross-current” Following on from Indermaur v Dames the courts developed four distinct categories of entrant which I will now examine in turn.