Toulmin Model

Stem cells are the master cells of our bodies. They are the cells that build and repair our tissues, organs, and immune system in our body. The National Stem Cell Foundation says that all stem cells have three general properties. First, they are capable of renewing and dividing

Many wonder why the spinal cord is not able to heal itself like the other parts of the body such as how the skin injured on a leg can regenerate and heal itself or how muscle can repairs itself is it gets strained. But the spinal cord is different. That is because some of the cells in the central nervous system are so complex and specialized that they do not have the ability to regenerate.

They have the ability to self-renew or multiply while maintaining the potential to develop into cells. Such as cells blood, heart, bones, skin, muscles, brain etc. Stem cells have an interesting history that has been somewhat tainted with debate and controversy. In the mid-1800s it was discovered that cells were basically the building blocks of life and that some cells had the ability to produce other cells.

: In an observational study, the developmental stages of an axolotl’s embryo were observed and scientist were able to identify a series of changes in the gene expression that aided in understanding the axolotl’s regenerative abilities. The axolotl; also known as the Mexican salamander, is an amphibian related to the tiger salamander that is known for its ability to completely regenerate limbs and organs. Cellular regeneration is the regrowth of a damaged or missing organ part from the remaining tissue and that’s why this study is important to both the biological and medical communities. Through this study, biologist were able to identify what in the axolotl’s early development gives it its unique properties and how those genes are reactivated to trigger limb formation in an adult. Also, by studying the genes that allow for the axolotl to completely regenerate

First of all an understanding of what a stem cell is, where it comes from, and the significance of it's medical potential is essential. Stem cells are the "master cells" that form the human body or whatever other animal it is from. Stem cells can be extracted from adult tissues, bone marrow, umbilical cord blood ( ), and embryos in the blastocyst stage. Although scientists have found ways to manipulate the stem cells from adult sources into other types of cells, they claim that they are less capable of deriving the desired tissue and are not "biologically equivalent" ( ) to stem cells extracted from embryos.

evidence and reasoning (deductive/inductive): Factoid #7 - Websites such as Youtube, an entertainment phenomenon, can help conduct an onset of trends that generations, both young and old, can look at as a safe haven, a place to escape to

Objection 3: Stem cells used to replace broken tissues in bones and skin. By taking some growing cells in a human body, the procedure is easy and this include of using the unborn or cadavers to complete the process.

The Toulmin Model is important because it methodically demonstrates how practical reasoning works. It allows one to think logically when it comes to arguments.

Though the fourth Planaria was expected to grow two tails, seven days after amputation, the organism was completely indistinguishable from the others. All twelve Planaria appeared to be fully grown after fourteen days. Certain cuts, like two cuts above the pharynx (Figure 2) creating a fragment too narrow to establish polarity (head/tail) may regenerate two heads (Mescher, 2012, p. 333). Another study showed that when one short sagittal cut is made at the posterior end of the organism and one of these two artificial legs is cut away to form a short stump, the organism will regrow a second tail (Rand & Ellis, 1926, p. 572). Though the fourth Planaria did not grow two tails, both “tails” successfully regenerated heads. There appears to be few, if any, limitations to the regenerative abilities of the Planaria. There is much to learn about this remarkable ability in regards to regenerative medicine.

There has been current uses of regeneration and a lot of advancement. Regeneration is a field that focuses on curing chronic diseases. Some advanced clinical trials so far is trying to regrow muscles on soldiers who were wounded in an explosion. Another treatment being studied is to extract a few cells from a person body and grows them in a large quantities in the laboratory. Once a specific number have been produced, the investigators inject them back into the patient. One of the current uses is Limb Lengthening this current use is when people have a problem with their height when a limb is short than the other the process is they wear a cast around their calf to keep the skin open & break the bone and they keep breaking the bone until they get the specific height

In the normal developing Xenopus tail, the spinal cord expressed Shh, but in the regenerated spinal cord, there was no Shh expression (Satoh et al. 2006). The absence of the Shh signal lead to incomplete regeneration of the spinal cord. The results here show that in tail regeneration, the inhibition of Shh impairs regeneration. Shh inhibition may affect the proliferations of progenitor cells into spinal cord. Furthermore, at the amputation site in Xenopus, when Shh was inhibited, there was insufficient patterning ability in the limb and a cartilage spike limb was regenerated. This suggest, that absence of Shh leads to a deformed regenerated structure at the site of

Stem cells differentiate into the various other types of cells that they can differentiate into through cytoplasmic signal molecules that control what parts of the DNA are used to code for proteins. These proteins are what the cell uses in order to determine its functions; different cytoplasmic determinants are found in epithelial cells as opposed to nervous cells. These cytoplasmic determinants can be synthesized within the stem cell if the cell receives a signal from outside saying that this stem cell needs to become, for example, a neuron. The cell will then synthesize the cytoplasmic determinants that are appropriate for neurons

Stem cells are unspecialized cells of a multicellular organism and it has capability changing into any type cell. When stem cells divides, the new cell has the potential of choosing whether to stay a stem cell or turn into any type of specialized such as: skin cells, neurons, muscle cells and many more. Stem cells have no specific function but are special in their own way. In the early stage of the development, stem cells have the extraordinary potential to develop into any type of cell in the human body. Unlike Specialized cells that have a specific function and cannot change into any other type of cells, stem cells have no specific function but are special in their own way. The specialized cells divide the new cells and do not have the choice of changing. They have to stay the same.

Stem cells are unspecialized clonogenic cells that have the potential to differentiate into different kinds of cells with specialized functions. Normally, stem cells don’t have the “tissue-specific structures” that enable regular cells to perform specialized functions (Bethesda, 2015). In addition to multilineage differentiation, stem cells have the ability to continuously self-renew themselves (Gronthos, 2002; Zhao and Chai, 2015). They also play a key role in the repair and replenishment of tissues, replacing cells that are lost by “normal wear and tear or by injury and disease” (Bethesda, 2015). Their amazing capability to proliferate for long periods of time have made stem cells of particular interest to researchers interested in regenerative medicine (Zhao and Chai, 2015).

Stem cells are cells that have the capabilities to develop into many different types of cells in the body. Serving as a type of repair system for the body, they can theoretically divide without limit to take over for other cells for