Tp53 Gene Essay

Among minorities such as Asians, Hispanics, Indians, Native Americans, and Middle Easterners, the African American race has been affected tremendously by the health disparities in the United States. Currently, African Americans have significantly higher mortality rates from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, HIV, unintentional injuries, pregnancy, sudden infant death syndrome, and homicide than do whites Americans (Fiscella & Williams, 2004). While African Americans may lead in these categories, other minorities are not far behind in experiencing health disparities.

Cancer is a genetic disease caused by certain changes to genes that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide. Genes carry the instructions to make proteins, which do much of the work in our cells. Certain gene changes can cause cells to evade normal growth controls and become cancer. Genetic changes that promote cancer can be inherited from our parents if the changes are present in germ cells, which are the reproductive cells of the body (eggs and sperm). Such changes, called germline changes, are found in every cell of the offspring. In general, cancer cells have more genetic changes than normal cells. But each person’s cancer has a unique combination of genetic alterations.

Moreover, in 2008, it has significantly dropped to 8.4 infant deaths per 1000 live births. Major risk factors associated with these high mortality rates are due to poverty, limited access to health care services, and cultural dislocation. With limited access to health care, infants are “four times more likely to die from pneumonia or influenza. Sudden infant death syndrome and unintentional injuries were also more common among American Indians/Alaska Natives infants.” (American Indian and Alaska Native, 2014). Within adult mortality rates, heart disease is not exceptionally high among the American Indians, but it is still the second leading cause of death among their population. According to MMWR, American Indians/Alaska Natives had a rate of 46.7%, with the highest rate among the age group of 50-64. American Indians are more prone to getting cardiovascular disease due to their lifestyle factors, such as smoking, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diets. Discrimination, family history, and cultural differences are also key factors to having a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. With the lack of health care services, many individuals cannot get tested and treated, which results in

Healthy People 2020 discusses a number of special population’s that have barriers to care including; race, age sex, sexual identity, age, disability, socioeconomic, and location; this post will discuss race (ethnic) group.  There are a number of races mentioned in healthy people 2020, such as, Asian, American Indian, Alaskan, Latino and African American (Healthy People 2020, n.d.). Access to health care in an ethnic group is multifaceted from the lack of trust, lack of health care education, discrimination and cost of care including health insurance. According to Howard, Peace, & Howard (2014), African Americans have a greater risk of three preventable diseases, hypertension, renal failure and bacterial infections stating; “no other disease

level? A mutation in just one allele of proto-oncogenes can cause over production of cells tumor, and thus tumor formation, because they are dominant. Tumor suppressor genes require mutations of both alleles to inhibit function because they are recessive.

The Center for Asian Health (CAH) mission is to reduce health disparities and improve health equity among Asian Americans and under-represented ethnic population through intervention research, training, community engagement through cancer and health programs, partnership, dissemination, and clinical support/patient navigation for culturally and linguistically appropriate comprehensive health studies (Sy, n.d.). Ma clearly addressed that they will continue to emphasize prevention and early detection to help reduce

Asian-Americans are people who have origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. In American census of 2000, Asians comprise of roughly 3.6% of the population or 10 million people. By 2050 the population will grow to 36.6 million people. Although Asian American women have the highest life expectancy, they “suffer disproportionately from certain types of cancers, tuberculosis and hepatitis B” (2). Liver cancer cases are relatively low in the United States but highest among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Hepatitis B is a major cause of liver disease. Approximately 1 out of 12 Asian Americans has the chronic version of Hepatitis B. Many do not recognize it before it is too late (1).

The Southeast Asian American community faces many different health disparities. All the disparities this community faces can be directly attributed to their social barriers, language barriers, and socioeconomic status. Primary health disparities include the prevalence of Hepatitis B and liver cancer, cultural stereotypes that undermine health, and decreased health based on age. The stem of health disparities among Southeast Asian Americans could be explained by Hepatitis B.

Asian Americans experiencing few health problems related to other ethnic groups. Asian American women have the highest life expectancy (85.8 years) of any other ethnic group in the U.S. There are many risk factors in Asian American health such as fear of deportation, language and culture barriers and lack of health insurance. 2 million AAS do not have the health insurance in the US. Their most high incidence of health conditions are cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetics, COPD, Hepatitis B, HIV, TB and lung disease. In 2012, tuberculosis was 24 times more

Cardiovascular disease, mainly coronary heart disease and stroke, is the leading cause of death among all racial and ethnic groups in the United States. A disproportionate number of people in minority and low-income populations die or become disabled from cardiovascular disease. The death rate for coronary heart disease for the nation decreased by 20% from 1987 to 1995, but for blacks, the overall decrease was only 13 percent. The coronary heart disease mortality rate for Asian Americans was 40% lower than whites, but 40% higher for blacks in 1995. High blood pressure and hypertension can increase the risk for coronary heart disease, and it has been shown that racial minorities have higher rates of hypertension, tend to develop hypertension at an earlier age, and are less likely to receive treatment for high blood pressure. Also, only 50% of American Indians, 44% of Asian

At the point when contrasted with whites, these minority bunches have higher rate of endless ailment, higher mortality and poor wellbeing results. Among the ailment particular cases of racial and ethnic variations in the united state is the tumor frequency rate among African Americans, which is 10% higher than among whites. Furthermore, grown up African Americans and Latinos have roughly double the danger as whites of creating diabetes. Minority likewise have higher rate of cardiovascular sickness, HIV/AIDS, newborn child mortality than whites.

In the book p53: The Gene That Cracked The Cancer Code by Sue Armstrong, they focus on statistics rather than a story. This book describes the change throughout time while focusing on the p53 gene. It talks about different genes that affect p53 and how cancer can happen.

The MD Anderson Liver Tumor biospecimen resource has been invaluable for a large number of studies or clinical development. The sixth and subsequent editions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging of hepatocellular cancer, which was developed by an international consortium led by Jean-Nicolas Vauthey, MD, Professor of Surgery at MD Anderson and co-leader on project 2 of the SPORE, was based upon pathologic review of resected specimens in the Liver Tumor Bank (Vauthey JN J Clin Oncol 2002 20:1527-36). In addition, investigators at MD Anderson examined tissues in the Liver Tumor Bank to elucidate the prognostic significance of the ribonucleoprotein Human Antigen R (HuR) showing that patients with high HuR tumor expression had

Cancer is the leading cause of death among Asians Americans, and rates vary with age, acculturation and location. The stated differences may represent the influence of environment, such as diet and health habits, and therefore may be modifiable. When it comes to liver and stomach cancer, Asian Americans are tree times more likely to develop liver cancer than non-Hispanic whites and twice as likely to develop liver cancer. In the Chinese, liver cancer is associated with Hepatitis B (precursor to liver disease and cancer) and in whites, liver cancer is primarily associated with alcohol. For colon cancer, it is suggested that diet is related, so is other environmental risk factors. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Chinese

The Gastroenterological Society of Australia estimated that the annual cost for liver disease in 2012 was $50.7 billion in Australia for about 6.1 million patients (Amany Zekry et al 2013). Another study in the UK showed that the mortality from liver cirrhosis in Scotland more than doubled in men and increased by half in women (Leon and McCambridge 2006). In the US, estimates are 360 every 100000 subject diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and it is the most common cause of death with approximately 30000 deaths annually (Befeler and Di Bisceglie 2002; El-Serag and Mason 2000). This chapter will review the current understanding of normal hepatic parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, common causes of chronic liver injury and the associated pathophysiological hepatic cellular and inflammatory responses, as well as the progression of injury. Finally, it will outline the current available treatments, focusing on the use of cell