Tracheal Tubes Of Mammals Comparison Essay

The purpose of this experiment was to measure the metabolic rate of pill bugs and crickets. I indirectly measured the metabolic rate of each organism by calculating their respiration rates. In crickets, gas exchange is accomplished via a tracheal system [Contreras, Bradley, 2010]. Pill bugs have pleopods, gill-like respiratory organs [Gibbs, Smigel, 2008]. My hypothesis was that the crickets will have a faster respiration rate than the pill bugs. I used a respirometer to measure the oxygen consumption of pill bugs and crickets. After plotting the data, I used the slope to obtain the respiration rate. The respiration rate per gram of organism for the pill bugs was 0.0025 mL/min./g. The respiration rate per gram of organism

11. Small insects may take a bubble of air underwater when they dive. The bubble can serve as an air tank for some time because

A tracheostomy, or trach, is a surgically created opening in the trachea. A tracheostomy tube, or trach tube, is a tube that is placed in this opening to help with breathing. It is important to take good care of your trach and trach tube. This will help you stay safe and free from infection.

The chthonic hypothesis, as proposed by J. Lighton , suggests that the discontinuous gas exchange system used has evolved to accommodate insects that live in hypoxic conditions for the large majority of their lives. It is plausible that the respiratory system of insects is not the most efficient at CO2 diffusion under normocapnic conditions (21% O2 in the atmosphere). This system consists of external valve like openings, called spiracles, that channel oxygen into the body and allow CO2 to exit. From the spiracle, oxygen is sent through a series of progressively narrowing tracheae and tracheoles, and is diffused directly into the tissue and cells. This process relies mainly on passive diffusion and therefor internal and external gas pressures. Emekci et al examined the respiratory patterns of Tribolium castaneum in environments with atmospheric oxygen contents of 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. In adult specimens, CO2 output was high at 3-10% O2, with a respiratory quotient of 1.18 at 5%. This can be compared to the respiratory quotient of 0.88 observed at 21% O2. This research supports the theory that normocapnic conditions are not the optimal conditions for the respiratory system of insects to function under due to its designs that relies on environmental gas pressures and concentrations to facilitate

Tracheal stenosis. A narrowing of the trachea/windpipe that causes breathing problems. It occurs in instances such as after radiation, extended use of a breathing tube, viral/bacterial infections, a tumor which may press against the trachea restricting air flow, an injury to the throat. It can also occur at birth, at rare times.

One of the systems necessary for a mammal’s survival, that is not as necessary for those organisms of a lesser complexity, is the Respiratory system. For example, a Flatworm, otherwise known as the Platyhelminthes,

Each species of animal contains a unique lung structure which provides them with adequate oxygen and carbon dioxide fluctuation. The species live in different habitats and encounter differing struggles such as flying or being very small which require them to have unique lung adaptations to be efficient. The bird is the most efficient breather, possessing the ability to breath in and out and maximize oxygen absorption. While the spider has very different lungs that are specialized to their lifestyle. In order to compare these lungs the bird and the bat are similar in the fact that they have to adapt to changes in pressure as they are flying as well as being able to maintain the amount of oxygen that they need to survive. The spider and the bat

Oxygen is absorbed into the blood at the gas exchange surface and is then to be carried throughout the body (via haemoglobin) to every cell. This results in increasing the scope of the blood to carry oxygen, and thus, enables higher metabolic rates to be maintained. Because of this, the size to which mammals and fish can grow is not strictly limited. This is why the blue whale, a (diving/aquatic) mammal, is the largest known animal in the world. Whereas, insects do have size limitations as they do not have a circulatory system. Although the tracheal system is very efficient for these small organisms, insects have an open transport system in which blood circulates languidly, and thus, the transport of gases is slow (compared to fish and mammals which have a closed transport system, thus, transport is much faster). The tracheal system is efficient at the rapid transport of gases, which allows for the high metabolic rates required for an insect’s active lifestyle, particularly flying. However, the tracheal system, along with the exoskeleton of the insect, limit the size of insects. This is why the bigger the insect, the harder it is for oxygen to be supplied to every cell via diffusion. Hence, the largest insects are also the slowest moving ones, as the transportation of oxygen is being compromised by the size of

They achieve gas exchange also through the trachea, however the way that they get the air is different. They can either carry it with them or they can get it by diffusion through the water. An example of an aquatic insect is the water bug. It has little hairs that are hydrophilic (repel water) and they trap a layer of air against the spiracles. This allows for the diffusion of the respiratory gases but it does not allow the water to enter the trachea. Another example is the Dytiscid beetle. In this beetle, the spiracles are open under the wings and when the beetle surfaces to get air, the air gets trapped underneath the wings. The beetle can then go under water with its own supply of oxygen that then diffuses into the trachea. The other way that aquatic insects can get oxygen under water is through the use of tracheal gills. They are located on the abdomen and the cuticle on them is very thin so that the respiratory gases can easily diffuse across them and then into the trachea. The gills are worked in a paddle-like movement that keeps water movement around the insect and this also maintains a concentration

All organisms require a large surface area in their gas exchange system, having a larger surface area to volume ratio increases the efficiency on gas exchange. Each of the 3 organisms, diving mammal, fish and aquatic insects all have a large surface area and have different ways of increasing this. Diving mammals increase their surface area by folding the tissue on the alveoli of the gas exchange mechanism fold back on itself, these fold in the alveoli increase the surface area. Fish have filaments and lamellae in the gills which are very long and thing increasing the surface area to volume ratio. The filaments in the gills fold copious times and then the lamellae found inside the filaments also found numerous times increasing the surface area

The bronchioles, I believe to be the most complex part of the respiratory system. The bronchioles really do have an important role in the respiratory system. After the bronchi ends bronchioles begin. The bronchioles conduct air form the bronchi, pass air through the nose, mouth and then to the alveoli. The bronchioles function by distributing air through the lungs by constricting and dilating, this control the amount of air that goes through the lungs. The bronchioles began to taper off unto three tiny air passageways: the lobular bronchioles, terminal, and respiratory bronchioles. The bronchioles have no support by cartilage, and because of this they are more likely to be affected by conditions that may cause obstruction of the airway. The

Insects transport gases throughout their bodies through a system of branching tubes called tracheae which then branch off into tiny fluid lined tubes called tracheoles. Gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, enter and exit the tracheae through paired openings called spiracles. These spiracles have filtering devices such as fine hairs, which prevent tiny particles from clogging the gas exchange system. Spiracles also consist of valves that control the degree to which the spiracles are open.

Each alveolus is ventilated, thus removing waste carbon dioxide and replenishing oxygen levels in the alveolar air. This also helps to maintain the maximum concentration gradient between the blood and the air in the alveoli. Although each of the alveolus/alveoli are very small, an average adult contains around 600 million alveoli which give off a total surface area of about 100m². As well as this, the walls of the alveoli are composed of a single layer of flattened epithelial cells, the walls of the capillaries consist of the same. These surfaces are very thin allowing gasses to diffuse easily as it is only necessary for them to diffuse through two thin cells. The steep concentration gradient across the gas exchange surface is maintained in

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), also known as oat cell cancer, is a serious disease that accounts for 10-15% of all lung cancers. It is predominantly caused by consistent exposure to tobacco smoke. It differs itself by its unique histology and aggressive metasteses. Patients who are diagnosed with this particular ailment usually end up dying within a short time frame after diagnosis. This paper is going to evaluate the gross anatomy of the lungs, proposed mechanisms of SCLC development, histological features, diagnosis and current therapies that are being used for treatment.

A comparison of planarian flatworm and human reveal a great difference in their structures that enables them to meet their respiratory requirements. They have different means of obtaining oxygen from their surrounding, which is determined by their respective environments. The complexity of each respiratory system, correlates with the size of the animal. Unicellular and simple multi-cellular organisms use simple diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide as their mean mechanism, while higher organism combine breathing, diffusion, the circulatory system and complex mitochondria